diff --git a/lib/dolphin/GXLighting.cpp b/lib/dolphin/GXLighting.cpp
index 1fa2219..d361d0c 100644
--- a/lib/dolphin/GXLighting.cpp
+++ b/lib/dolphin/GXLighting.cpp
@@ -134,9 +134,9 @@ void GXLoadLightObjImm(GXLightObj* light_, GXLightID id) {
   auto* light = reinterpret_cast<const GXLightObj_*>(light_);
   realLight.pos = {light->px, light->py, light->pz};
   realLight.dir = {light->nx, light->ny, light->nz};
+  realLight.color = from_gx_color(light->color);
   realLight.cosAtt = {light->a0, light->a1, light->a2};
   realLight.distAtt = {light->k0, light->k1, light->k2};
-  realLight.color = from_gx_color(light->color);
   update_gx_state(g_gxState.lights[idx], realLight);
 }
 
diff --git a/lib/dolphin/GXTexture.cpp b/lib/dolphin/GXTexture.cpp
index 784a2a4..b00e90c 100644
--- a/lib/dolphin/GXTexture.cpp
+++ b/lib/dolphin/GXTexture.cpp
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ void GXLoadTexObj(GXTexObj* obj_, GXTexMapID id) {
     obj->dataInvalidated = false;
   }
   g_gxState.textures[id] = {*obj};
-  // TODO stateDirty?
+  g_gxState.stateDirty = true; // TODO only if changed?
 }
 
 u32 GXGetTexBufferSize(u16 width, u16 height, u32 fmt, GXBool mips, u8 maxLod) {
diff --git a/lib/dolphin/GXVert.cpp b/lib/dolphin/GXVert.cpp
index 52d610d..80b0a0e 100644
--- a/lib/dolphin/GXVert.cpp
+++ b/lib/dolphin/GXVert.cpp
@@ -21,13 +21,15 @@ static inline GXAttr next_attr(size_t begin) {
 struct SStreamState {
   GXPrimitive primitive;
   u16 vertexCount = 0;
+  u16 vertexStart = 0;
   aurora::ByteBuffer vertexBuffer;
   std::vector<u16> indices;
 #ifndef NDEBUG
   GXAttr nextAttr;
 #endif
 
-  explicit SStreamState(GXPrimitive primitive, u16 numVerts, u16 vertexSize) noexcept : primitive(primitive) {
+  explicit SStreamState(GXPrimitive primitive, u16 numVerts, u16 vertexSize, u16 vertexStart) noexcept
+  : primitive(primitive), vertexStart(vertexStart) {
     vertexBuffer.reserve_extra(size_t(numVerts) * vertexSize);
     if (numVerts > 3 && (primitive == GX_TRIANGLEFAN || primitive == GX_TRIANGLESTRIP)) {
       indices.reserve((u32(numVerts) - 3) * 3 + 3);
@@ -43,6 +45,7 @@ struct SStreamState {
 };
 
 static std::optional<SStreamState> sStreamState;
+static u16 lastVertexStart = 0;
 
 void GXBegin(GXPrimitive primitive, GXVtxFmt vtxFmt, u16 nVerts) {
 #ifndef NDEBUG
@@ -73,7 +76,7 @@ void GXBegin(GXPrimitive primitive, GXVtxFmt vtxFmt, u16 nVerts) {
     Log.report(LOG_FATAL, FMT_STRING("no vtx attributes enabled?"));
     unreachable();
   }
-  sStreamState.emplace(primitive, nVerts, vertexSize);
+  sStreamState.emplace(primitive, nVerts, vertexSize, g_gxState.stateDirty ? 0 : lastVertexStart);
 }
 
 static inline void check_attr_order(GXAttr attr) noexcept {
@@ -96,26 +99,27 @@ void GXPosition3f32(float x, float y, float z) {
   state.vertexBuffer.append(&x, sizeof(float));
   state.vertexBuffer.append(&y, sizeof(float));
   state.vertexBuffer.append(&z, sizeof(float));
+  auto curVertex = state.vertexStart + state.vertexCount;
   if (state.primitive == GX_TRIANGLES || state.vertexCount < 3) {
     // pass
   } else if (state.primitive == GX_TRIANGLEFAN) {
-    state.indices.push_back(0);
-    state.indices.push_back(state.vertexCount - 1);
+    state.indices.push_back(state.vertexStart);
+    state.indices.push_back(curVertex - 1);
   } else if (state.primitive == GX_TRIANGLESTRIP) {
     if ((state.vertexCount & 1) == 0) {
-      state.indices.push_back(state.vertexCount - 2);
-      state.indices.push_back(state.vertexCount - 1);
+      state.indices.push_back(curVertex - 2);
+      state.indices.push_back(curVertex - 1);
     } else {
-      state.indices.push_back(state.vertexCount - 1);
-      state.indices.push_back(state.vertexCount - 2);
+      state.indices.push_back(curVertex - 1);
+      state.indices.push_back(curVertex - 2);
     }
   } else if (state.primitive == GX_QUADS) {
     if ((state.vertexCount & 3) == 3) {
-      state.indices.push_back(state.vertexCount - 3);
-      state.indices.push_back(state.vertexCount - 1);
+      state.indices.push_back(curVertex - 3);
+      state.indices.push_back(curVertex - 1);
     }
   }
-  state.indices.push_back(state.vertexCount);
+  state.indices.push_back(curVertex);
   ++state.vertexCount;
 }
 
@@ -171,18 +175,27 @@ void GXEnd() {
   }
   const auto vertRange = aurora::gfx::push_verts(sStreamState->vertexBuffer.data(), sStreamState->vertexBuffer.size());
   const auto indexRange = aurora::gfx::push_indices(aurora::ArrayRef{sStreamState->indices});
-  aurora::gfx::stream::PipelineConfig config{};
-  populate_pipeline_config(config, GX_TRIANGLES);
-  const auto info = aurora::gfx::gx::build_shader_info(config.shaderConfig);
-  const auto pipeline = aurora::gfx::pipeline_ref(config);
-  aurora::gfx::push_draw_command(aurora::gfx::stream::DrawData{
-      .pipeline = pipeline,
-      .vertRange = vertRange,
-      .uniformRange = build_uniform(info),
-      .indexRange = indexRange,
-      .indexCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(sStreamState->indices.size()),
-      .bindGroups = aurora::gfx::gx::build_bind_groups(info, config.shaderConfig, {}),
-      .dstAlpha = g_gxState.dstAlpha,
-  });
+  if (g_gxState.stateDirty) {
+    aurora::gfx::stream::PipelineConfig config{};
+    populate_pipeline_config(config, GX_TRIANGLES);
+    const auto info = aurora::gfx::gx::build_shader_info(config.shaderConfig);
+    const auto pipeline = aurora::gfx::pipeline_ref(config);
+    aurora::gfx::push_draw_command(aurora::gfx::stream::DrawData{
+        .pipeline = pipeline,
+        .vertRange = vertRange,
+        .uniformRange = build_uniform(info),
+        .indexRange = indexRange,
+        .indexCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(sStreamState->indices.size()),
+        .bindGroups = aurora::gfx::gx::build_bind_groups(info, config.shaderConfig, {}),
+        .dstAlpha = g_gxState.dstAlpha,
+    });
+  } else {
+    aurora::gfx::merge_draw_command(aurora::gfx::stream::DrawData{
+        .vertRange = vertRange,
+        .indexRange = indexRange,
+        .indexCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(sStreamState->indices.size()),
+    });
+  }
+  lastVertexStart = sStreamState->vertexStart + sStreamState->vertexCount;
   sStreamState.reset();
 }
diff --git a/lib/gfx/common.cpp b/lib/gfx/common.cpp
index ad9cb78..a448f46 100644
--- a/lib/gfx/common.cpp
+++ b/lib/gfx/common.cpp
@@ -122,19 +122,25 @@ static ByteBuffer g_verts;
 static ByteBuffer g_uniforms;
 static ByteBuffer g_indices;
 static ByteBuffer g_storage;
-static ByteBuffer g_staticStorage;
 static ByteBuffer g_textureUpload;
 WGPUBuffer g_vertexBuffer;
 WGPUBuffer g_uniformBuffer;
 WGPUBuffer g_indexBuffer;
 WGPUBuffer g_storageBuffer;
-size_t g_staticStorageLastSize = 0;
 static std::array<WGPUBuffer, 3> g_stagingBuffers;
 static WGPUSupportedLimits g_cachedLimits;
 
 static ShaderState g_state;
 static PipelineRef g_currentPipeline;
 
+// for imgui debug
+size_t g_drawCallCount;
+size_t g_mergedDrawCallCount;
+size_t g_lastVertSize;
+size_t g_lastUniformSize;
+size_t g_lastIndexSize;
+size_t g_lastStorageSize;
+
 using CommandList = std::vector<Command>;
 struct ClipRect {
   int32_t x;
@@ -217,8 +223,25 @@ static inline void push_command(CommandType type, const Command::Data& data) {
       .data = data,
   });
 }
+static inline Command& get_last_draw_command(ShaderType type) {
+  if (g_currentRenderPass == UINT32_MAX) {
+    Log.report(LOG_FATAL, FMT_STRING("No last command"));
+    unreachable();
+  }
+  auto& last = g_renderPasses[g_currentRenderPass].commands.back();
+  if (last.type != CommandType::Draw || last.data.draw.type != type) {
+    Log.report(LOG_FATAL, FMT_STRING("Last command invalid: {} {}, expected {} {}"), magic_enum::enum_name(last.type),
+               magic_enum::enum_name(last.data.draw.type), magic_enum::enum_name(CommandType::Draw),
+               magic_enum::enum_name(type));
+    unreachable();
+  }
+  return last;
+}
 
-static void push_draw_command(ShaderDrawCommand data) { push_command(CommandType::Draw, Command::Data{.draw = data}); }
+static void push_draw_command(ShaderDrawCommand data) {
+  push_command(CommandType::Draw, Command::Data{.draw = data});
+  ++g_drawCallCount;
+}
 
 static Command::Data::SetViewportCommand g_cachedViewport;
 void set_viewport(float left, float top, float width, float height, float znear, float zfar) noexcept {
@@ -272,6 +295,22 @@ void push_draw_command(stream::DrawData data) {
   push_draw_command(ShaderDrawCommand{.type = ShaderType::Stream, .stream = data});
 }
 template <>
+void merge_draw_command(stream::DrawData data) {
+  auto& last = get_last_draw_command(ShaderType::Stream).data.draw.stream;
+  if (last.vertRange.offset + last.vertRange.size != data.vertRange.offset) {
+    Log.report(LOG_FATAL, FMT_STRING("Invalid merge range: {} -> {}"), last.vertRange.offset + last.vertRange.size,
+               data.vertRange.offset);
+  }
+  if (last.indexRange.offset + last.indexRange.size != data.indexRange.offset) {
+    Log.report(LOG_FATAL, FMT_STRING("Invalid merge range: {} -> {}"), last.indexRange.offset + last.indexRange.size,
+               data.indexRange.offset);
+  }
+  last.vertRange.size += data.vertRange.size;
+  last.indexRange.size += data.indexRange.size;
+  last.indexCount += data.indexCount;
+  ++g_mergedDrawCallCount;
+}
+template <>
 PipelineRef pipeline_ref(stream::PipelineConfig config) {
   return find_pipeline(ShaderType::Stream, config, [=]() { return create_pipeline(g_state.stream, config); });
 }
@@ -515,6 +554,9 @@ void begin_frame() {
   mapBuffer(g_storage, StorageBufferSize);
   mapBuffer(g_textureUpload, TextureUploadSize);
 
+  g_drawCallCount = 0;
+  g_mergedDrawCallCount = 0;
+
   g_renderPasses.emplace_back();
   g_renderPasses[0].clearColor = gx::g_gxState.clearColor;
   g_currentRenderPass = 0;
@@ -522,19 +564,13 @@ void begin_frame() {
 //  push_command(CommandType::SetScissor, Command::Data{.setScissor = g_cachedScissor});
 }
 
-// for imgui debug
-size_t g_lastVertSize;
-size_t g_lastUniformSize;
-size_t g_lastIndexSize;
-size_t g_lastStorageSize;
-
 void end_frame(WGPUCommandEncoder cmd) {
   uint64_t bufferOffset = 0;
   const auto writeBuffer = [&](ByteBuffer& buf, WGPUBuffer& out, uint64_t size, std::string_view label) {
     const auto writeSize = buf.size(); // Only need to copy this many bytes
     if (writeSize > 0) {
       wgpuCommandEncoderCopyBufferToBuffer(cmd, g_stagingBuffers[currentStagingBuffer], bufferOffset, out, 0,
-                                           writeSize);
+                                           ALIGN(writeSize, 4));
       buf.clear();
     }
     bufferOffset += size;
@@ -736,8 +772,8 @@ static inline Range map(ByteBuffer& target, size_t length, size_t alignment) {
   target.append_zeroes(length + padding);
   return {static_cast<uint32_t>(begin), static_cast<uint32_t>(length + padding)};
 }
-Range push_verts(const uint8_t* data, size_t length) { return push(g_verts, data, length, 4); }
-Range push_indices(const uint8_t* data, size_t length) { return push(g_indices, data, length, 4); }
+Range push_verts(const uint8_t* data, size_t length) { return push(g_verts, data, length, 0); }
+Range push_indices(const uint8_t* data, size_t length) { return push(g_indices, data, length, 0); }
 Range push_uniform(const uint8_t* data, size_t length) {
   return push(g_uniforms, data, length, g_cachedLimits.limits.minUniformBufferOffsetAlignment);
 }
diff --git a/lib/gfx/common.hpp b/lib/gfx/common.hpp
index 732db6c..1a7bbd2 100644
--- a/lib/gfx/common.hpp
+++ b/lib/gfx/common.hpp
@@ -127,7 +127,6 @@ extern WGPUBuffer g_vertexBuffer;
 extern WGPUBuffer g_uniformBuffer;
 extern WGPUBuffer g_indexBuffer;
 extern WGPUBuffer g_storageBuffer;
-extern size_t g_staticStorageLastSize;
 
 using BindGroupRef = HashType;
 using PipelineRef = HashType;
@@ -188,6 +187,8 @@ template <typename State>
 const State& get_state();
 template <typename DrawData>
 void push_draw_command(DrawData data);
+template <typename DrawData>
+void merge_draw_command(DrawData data);
 
 template <typename PipelineConfig>
 PipelineRef pipeline_ref(PipelineConfig config);
diff --git a/lib/gfx/gx.cpp b/lib/gfx/gx.cpp
index 1a12e6a..9e4f0e4 100644
--- a/lib/gfx/gx.cpp
+++ b/lib/gfx/gx.cpp
@@ -473,6 +473,7 @@ Range build_uniform(const ShaderInfo& info) noexcept {
     }
     buf.append(&tex.texObj.lodBias, 4);
   }
+  g_gxState.stateDirty = false;
   return range;
 }