diff --git a/src/tint/writer/hlsl/generator_impl.cc b/src/tint/writer/hlsl/generator_impl.cc
index 14f1d0cc54..0d628e795b 100644
--- a/src/tint/writer/hlsl/generator_impl.cc
+++ b/src/tint/writer/hlsl/generator_impl.cc
@@ -75,6 +75,7 @@
 #include "src/tint/utils/map.h"
 #include "src/tint/utils/scoped_assignment.h"
 #include "src/tint/utils/string.h"
+#include "src/tint/utils/string_stream.h"
 #include "src/tint/writer/append_vector.h"
 #include "src/tint/writer/check_supported_extensions.h"
 #include "src/tint/writer/float_to_string.h"
@@ -114,7 +115,7 @@ const char* image_format_to_rwtexture_type(builtin::TexelFormat image_format) {
     }
 }
 
-void PrintF32(std::ostream& out, float value) {
+void PrintF32(utils::StringStream& out, float value) {
     if (std::isinf(value)) {
         out << "0.0f " << (value >= 0 ? "/* inf */" : "/* -inf */");
     } else if (std::isnan(value)) {
@@ -124,7 +125,7 @@ void PrintF32(std::ostream& out, float value) {
     }
 }
 
-void PrintF16(std::ostream& out, float value) {
+void PrintF16(utils::StringStream& out, float value) {
     if (std::isinf(value)) {
         out << "0.0h " << (value >= 0 ? "/* inf */" : "/* -inf */");
     } else if (std::isnan(value)) {
@@ -143,7 +144,7 @@ struct RegisterAndSpace {
     sem::BindingPoint const binding_point;
 };
 
-std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& s, const RegisterAndSpace& rs) {
+utils::StringStream& operator<<(utils::StringStream& s, const RegisterAndSpace& rs) {
     s << " : register(" << rs.reg << rs.binding_point.binding << ", space" << rs.binding_point.group
       << ")";
     return s;
@@ -377,7 +378,7 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitDynamicVectorAssignment(const ast::AssignmentStatement*
     auto name = utils::GetOrCreate(dynamic_vector_write_, vec, [&]() -> std::string {
         std::string fn;
         {
-            std::ostringstream ss;
+            utils::StringStream ss;
             if (!EmitType(ss, vec, tint::builtin::AddressSpace::kUndefined,
                           builtin::Access::kUndefined, "")) {
                 return "";
@@ -451,7 +452,7 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitDynamicMatrixVectorAssignment(const ast::AssignmentState
     auto name = utils::GetOrCreate(dynamic_matrix_vector_write_, mat, [&]() -> std::string {
         std::string fn;
         {
-            std::ostringstream ss;
+            utils::StringStream ss;
             if (!EmitType(ss, mat, tint::builtin::AddressSpace::kUndefined,
                           builtin::Access::kUndefined, "")) {
                 return "";
@@ -520,7 +521,7 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitDynamicMatrixScalarAssignment(const ast::AssignmentState
     auto name = utils::GetOrCreate(dynamic_matrix_scalar_write_, mat, [&]() -> std::string {
         std::string fn;
         {
-            std::ostringstream ss;
+            utils::StringStream ss;
             if (!EmitType(ss, mat, tint::builtin::AddressSpace::kUndefined,
                           builtin::Access::kUndefined, "")) {
                 return "";
@@ -616,7 +617,8 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitDynamicMatrixScalarAssignment(const ast::AssignmentState
     return true;
 }
 
-bool GeneratorImpl::EmitIndexAccessor(std::ostream& out, const ast::IndexAccessorExpression* expr) {
+bool GeneratorImpl::EmitIndexAccessor(utils::StringStream& out,
+                                      const ast::IndexAccessorExpression* expr) {
     if (!EmitExpression(out, expr->object)) {
         return false;
     }
@@ -630,7 +632,7 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitIndexAccessor(std::ostream& out, const ast::IndexAccesso
     return true;
 }
 
-bool GeneratorImpl::EmitBitcast(std::ostream& out, const ast::BitcastExpression* expr) {
+bool GeneratorImpl::EmitBitcast(utils::StringStream& out, const ast::BitcastExpression* expr) {
     auto* type = TypeOf(expr);
     if (auto* vec = type->UnwrapRef()->As<type::Vector>()) {
         type = vec->type();
@@ -698,7 +700,7 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitAssign(const ast::AssignmentStatement* stmt) {
     return true;
 }
 
-bool GeneratorImpl::EmitBinary(std::ostream& out, const ast::BinaryExpression* expr) {
+bool GeneratorImpl::EmitBinary(utils::StringStream& out, const ast::BinaryExpression* expr) {
     if (expr->op == ast::BinaryOp::kLogicalAnd || expr->op == ast::BinaryOp::kLogicalOr) {
         auto name = UniqueIdentifier(kTempNamePrefix);
 
@@ -755,7 +757,7 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitBinary(std::ostream& out, const ast::BinaryExpression* e
         return true;
     }
 
-    ScopedParen sp(out);
+    ScopedParen sp(out.stream());
 
     if (!EmitExpression(out, expr->lhs)) {
         return false;
@@ -873,7 +875,7 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitBreakIf(const ast::BreakIfStatement* b) {
     return true;
 }
 
-bool GeneratorImpl::EmitCall(std::ostream& out, const ast::CallExpression* expr) {
+bool GeneratorImpl::EmitCall(utils::StringStream& out, const ast::CallExpression* expr) {
     auto* call = builder_.Sem().Get<sem::Call>(expr);
     auto* target = call->Target();
     return Switch(
@@ -888,7 +890,7 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitCall(std::ostream& out, const ast::CallExpression* expr)
         });
 }
 
-bool GeneratorImpl::EmitFunctionCall(std::ostream& out,
+bool GeneratorImpl::EmitFunctionCall(utils::StringStream& out,
                                      const sem::Call* call,
                                      const sem::Function* func) {
     auto* expr = call->Declaration();
@@ -944,7 +946,7 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitFunctionCall(std::ostream& out,
     return true;
 }
 
-bool GeneratorImpl::EmitBuiltinCall(std::ostream& out,
+bool GeneratorImpl::EmitBuiltinCall(utils::StringStream& out,
                                     const sem::Call* call,
                                     const sem::Builtin* builtin) {
     const auto type = builtin->Type();
@@ -1029,7 +1031,7 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitBuiltinCall(std::ostream& out,
     return true;
 }
 
-bool GeneratorImpl::EmitValueConversion(std::ostream& out,
+bool GeneratorImpl::EmitValueConversion(utils::StringStream& out,
                                         const sem::Call* call,
                                         const sem::ValueConversion* conv) {
     if (!EmitType(out, conv->Target(), builtin::AddressSpace::kUndefined,
@@ -1046,7 +1048,7 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitValueConversion(std::ostream& out,
     return true;
 }
 
-bool GeneratorImpl::EmitValueConstructor(std::ostream& out,
+bool GeneratorImpl::EmitValueConstructor(utils::StringStream& out,
                                          const sem::Call* call,
                                          const sem::ValueConstructor* ctor) {
     auto* type = call->Type();
@@ -1110,7 +1112,7 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitValueConstructor(std::ostream& out,
 }
 
 bool GeneratorImpl::EmitUniformBufferAccess(
-    std::ostream& out,
+    utils::StringStream& out,
     const ast::CallExpression* expr,
     const transform::DecomposeMemoryAccess::Intrinsic* intrinsic) {
     auto const buffer = program_->Symbols().NameFor(intrinsic->buffer);
@@ -1182,7 +1184,7 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitUniformBufferAccess(
                 out << ")";
                 return result;
             };
-            auto load_u32_to = [&](std::ostream& target) {
+            auto load_u32_to = [&](utils::StringStream& target) {
                 target << buffer;
                 if (scalar_offset_constant) {
                     target << "[" << (scalar_offset_index / 4) << "]."
@@ -1195,7 +1197,7 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitUniformBufferAccess(
             };
             auto load_u32 = [&] { return load_u32_to(out); };
             // Has a minimum alignment of 8 bytes, so is either .xy or .zw
-            auto load_vec2_u32_to = [&](std::ostream& target) {
+            auto load_vec2_u32_to = [&](utils::StringStream& target) {
                 if (scalar_offset_constant) {
                     target << buffer << "[" << (scalar_offset_index / 4) << "]"
                            << ((scalar_offset_index & 2) == 0 ? ".xy" : ".zw");
@@ -1398,7 +1400,7 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitUniformBufferAccess(
 }
 
 bool GeneratorImpl::EmitStorageBufferAccess(
-    std::ostream& out,
+    utils::StringStream& out,
     const ast::CallExpression* expr,
     const transform::DecomposeMemoryAccess::Intrinsic* intrinsic) {
     auto const buffer = program_->Symbols().NameFor(intrinsic->buffer);
@@ -1417,7 +1419,7 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitStorageBufferAccess(
                 if (n > 1) {
                     out << n;
                 }
-                ScopedParen sp(out);
+                ScopedParen sp(out.stream());
                 if (!EmitExpression(out, offset)) {
                     return false;
                 }
@@ -1431,7 +1433,7 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitStorageBufferAccess(
             // to emit `buffer.Load<float16_t>(offset)`.
             auto templated_load = [&](const char* type) {
                 out << buffer << ".Load<" << type << ">";  // templated load
-                ScopedParen sp(out);
+                ScopedParen sp(out.stream());
                 if (!EmitExpression(out, offset)) {
                     return false;
                 }
@@ -1483,12 +1485,12 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitStorageBufferAccess(
                 if (n > 1) {
                     out << n;
                 }
-                ScopedParen sp1(out);
+                ScopedParen sp1(out.stream());
                 if (!EmitExpression(out, offset)) {
                     return false;
                 }
                 out << ", asuint";
-                ScopedParen sp2(out);
+                ScopedParen sp2(out.stream());
                 if (!EmitExpression(out, value)) {
                     return false;
                 }
@@ -1499,7 +1501,7 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitStorageBufferAccess(
             // to emit `buffer.Store<float16_t>(offset)`.
             auto templated_store = [&](const char* type) {
                 out << buffer << ".Store<" << type << ">";  // templated store
-                ScopedParen sp1(out);
+                ScopedParen sp1(out.stream());
                 if (!EmitExpression(out, offset)) {
                     return false;
                 }
@@ -1763,7 +1765,7 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitStorageAtomicIntrinsic(
     return false;
 }
 
-bool GeneratorImpl::EmitWorkgroupAtomicCall(std::ostream& out,
+bool GeneratorImpl::EmitWorkgroupAtomicCall(utils::StringStream& out,
                                             const ast::CallExpression* expr,
                                             const sem::Builtin* builtin) {
     std::string result = UniqueIdentifier("atomic_result");
@@ -1847,7 +1849,7 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitWorkgroupAtomicCall(std::ostream& out,
 
             out << "InterlockedExchange";
             {
-                ScopedParen sp(out);
+                ScopedParen sp(out.stream());
                 if (!EmitExpression(out, expr->args[0])) {
                     return false;
                 }
@@ -1938,11 +1940,11 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitWorkgroupAtomicCall(std::ostream& out,
     return false;
 }
 
-bool GeneratorImpl::EmitSelectCall(std::ostream& out, const ast::CallExpression* expr) {
+bool GeneratorImpl::EmitSelectCall(utils::StringStream& out, const ast::CallExpression* expr) {
     auto* expr_false = expr->args[0];
     auto* expr_true = expr->args[1];
     auto* expr_cond = expr->args[2];
-    ScopedParen paren(out);
+    ScopedParen paren(out.stream());
     if (!EmitExpression(out, expr_cond)) {
         return false;
     }
@@ -1962,7 +1964,7 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitSelectCall(std::ostream& out, const ast::CallExpression*
     return true;
 }
 
-bool GeneratorImpl::EmitModfCall(std::ostream& out,
+bool GeneratorImpl::EmitModfCall(utils::StringStream& out,
                                  const ast::CallExpression* expr,
                                  const sem::Builtin* builtin) {
     return CallBuiltinHelper(
@@ -1995,7 +1997,7 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitModfCall(std::ostream& out,
         });
 }
 
-bool GeneratorImpl::EmitFrexpCall(std::ostream& out,
+bool GeneratorImpl::EmitFrexpCall(utils::StringStream& out,
                                   const ast::CallExpression* expr,
                                   const sem::Builtin* builtin) {
     return CallBuiltinHelper(
@@ -2036,7 +2038,7 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitFrexpCall(std::ostream& out,
         });
 }
 
-bool GeneratorImpl::EmitDegreesCall(std::ostream& out,
+bool GeneratorImpl::EmitDegreesCall(utils::StringStream& out,
                                     const ast::CallExpression* expr,
                                     const sem::Builtin* builtin) {
     return CallBuiltinHelper(out, expr, builtin,
@@ -2047,7 +2049,7 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitDegreesCall(std::ostream& out,
                              });
 }
 
-bool GeneratorImpl::EmitRadiansCall(std::ostream& out,
+bool GeneratorImpl::EmitRadiansCall(utils::StringStream& out,
                                     const ast::CallExpression* expr,
                                     const sem::Builtin* builtin) {
     return CallBuiltinHelper(out, expr, builtin,
@@ -2061,7 +2063,9 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitRadiansCall(std::ostream& out,
 // The HLSL `sign` method always returns an `int` result (scalar or vector). In WGSL the result is
 // expected to be the same type as the argument. This injects a cast to the expected WGSL result
 // type after the call to `sign`.
-bool GeneratorImpl::EmitSignCall(std::ostream& out, const sem::Call* call, const sem::Builtin*) {
+bool GeneratorImpl::EmitSignCall(utils::StringStream& out,
+                                 const sem::Call* call,
+                                 const sem::Builtin*) {
     auto* arg = call->Arguments()[0];
     if (!EmitType(out, arg->Type(), builtin::AddressSpace::kUndefined, builtin::Access::kReadWrite,
                   "")) {
@@ -2075,7 +2079,7 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitSignCall(std::ostream& out, const sem::Call* call, const
     return true;
 }
 
-bool GeneratorImpl::EmitQuantizeToF16Call(std::ostream& out,
+bool GeneratorImpl::EmitQuantizeToF16Call(utils::StringStream& out,
                                           const ast::CallExpression* expr,
                                           const sem::Builtin* builtin) {
     // Emulate by casting to min16float and back again.
@@ -2091,7 +2095,7 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitQuantizeToF16Call(std::ostream& out,
     return true;
 }
 
-bool GeneratorImpl::EmitDataPackingCall(std::ostream& out,
+bool GeneratorImpl::EmitDataPackingCall(utils::StringStream& out,
                                         const ast::CallExpression* expr,
                                         const sem::Builtin* builtin) {
     return CallBuiltinHelper(
@@ -2154,7 +2158,7 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitDataPackingCall(std::ostream& out,
         });
 }
 
-bool GeneratorImpl::EmitDataUnpackingCall(std::ostream& out,
+bool GeneratorImpl::EmitDataUnpackingCall(utils::StringStream& out,
                                           const ast::CallExpression* expr,
                                           const sem::Builtin* builtin) {
     return CallBuiltinHelper(
@@ -2221,7 +2225,7 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitDataUnpackingCall(std::ostream& out,
         });
 }
 
-bool GeneratorImpl::EmitDP4aCall(std::ostream& out,
+bool GeneratorImpl::EmitDP4aCall(utils::StringStream& out,
                                  const ast::CallExpression* expr,
                                  const sem::Builtin* builtin) {
     // TODO(crbug.com/tint/1497): support the polyfill version of DP4a functions.
@@ -2249,7 +2253,7 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitDP4aCall(std::ostream& out,
         });
 }
 
-bool GeneratorImpl::EmitBarrierCall(std::ostream& out, const sem::Builtin* builtin) {
+bool GeneratorImpl::EmitBarrierCall(utils::StringStream& out, const sem::Builtin* builtin) {
     // TODO(crbug.com/tint/661): Combine sequential barriers to a single
     // instruction.
     if (builtin->Type() == sem::BuiltinType::kWorkgroupBarrier) {
@@ -2264,7 +2268,7 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitBarrierCall(std::ostream& out, const sem::Builtin* built
     return true;
 }
 
-bool GeneratorImpl::EmitTextureCall(std::ostream& out,
+bool GeneratorImpl::EmitTextureCall(utils::StringStream& out,
                                     const sem::Call* call,
                                     const sem::Builtin* builtin) {
     using Usage = sem::ParameterUsage;
@@ -2773,7 +2777,7 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitDiscard(const ast::DiscardStatement*) {
     return true;
 }
 
-bool GeneratorImpl::EmitExpression(std::ostream& out, const ast::Expression* expr) {
+bool GeneratorImpl::EmitExpression(utils::StringStream& out, const ast::Expression* expr) {
     if (auto* sem = builder_.Sem().GetVal(expr)) {
         if (auto* constant = sem->ConstantValue()) {
             bool is_variable_initializer = false;
@@ -2802,7 +2806,8 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitExpression(std::ostream& out, const ast::Expression* exp
         });
 }
 
-bool GeneratorImpl::EmitIdentifier(std::ostream& out, const ast::IdentifierExpression* expr) {
+bool GeneratorImpl::EmitIdentifier(utils::StringStream& out,
+                                   const ast::IdentifierExpression* expr) {
     out << builder_.Symbols().NameFor(expr->identifier->symbol);
     return true;
 }
@@ -3276,7 +3281,7 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitEntryPointFunction(const ast::Function* func) {
     return true;
 }
 
-bool GeneratorImpl::EmitConstant(std::ostream& out,
+bool GeneratorImpl::EmitConstant(utils::StringStream& out,
                                  const constant::Value* constant,
                                  bool is_variable_initializer) {
     return Switch(
@@ -3307,7 +3312,7 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitConstant(std::ostream& out,
         [&](const type::Vector* v) {
             if (constant->AllEqual()) {
                 {
-                    ScopedParen sp(out);
+                    ScopedParen sp(out.stream());
                     if (!EmitConstant(out, constant->Index(0), is_variable_initializer)) {
                         return false;
                     }
@@ -3324,7 +3329,7 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitConstant(std::ostream& out,
                 return false;
             }
 
-            ScopedParen sp(out);
+            ScopedParen sp(out.stream());
 
             for (size_t i = 0; i < v->Width(); i++) {
                 if (i > 0) {
@@ -3342,7 +3347,7 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitConstant(std::ostream& out,
                 return false;
             }
 
-            ScopedParen sp(out);
+            ScopedParen sp(out.stream());
 
             for (size_t i = 0; i < m->columns(); i++) {
                 if (i > 0) {
@@ -3396,7 +3401,7 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitConstant(std::ostream& out,
                 return true;
             }
 
-            auto emit_member_values = [&](std::ostream& o) {
+            auto emit_member_values = [&](utils::StringStream& o) {
                 o << "{";
                 for (size_t i = 0; i < s->Members().Length(); i++) {
                     if (i > 0) {
@@ -3438,7 +3443,7 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitConstant(std::ostream& out,
         });
 }
 
-bool GeneratorImpl::EmitLiteral(std::ostream& out, const ast::LiteralExpression* lit) {
+bool GeneratorImpl::EmitLiteral(utils::StringStream& out, const ast::LiteralExpression* lit) {
     return Switch(
         lit,
         [&](const ast::BoolLiteralExpression* l) {
@@ -3474,7 +3479,7 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitLiteral(std::ostream& out, const ast::LiteralExpression*
         });
 }
 
-bool GeneratorImpl::EmitValue(std::ostream& out, const type::Type* type, int value) {
+bool GeneratorImpl::EmitValue(utils::StringStream& out, const type::Type* type, int value) {
     return Switch(
         type,
         [&](const type::Bool*) {
@@ -3502,7 +3507,7 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitValue(std::ostream& out, const type::Type* type, int val
                           "")) {
                 return false;
             }
-            ScopedParen sp(out);
+            ScopedParen sp(out.stream());
             for (uint32_t i = 0; i < vec->Width(); i++) {
                 if (i != 0) {
                     out << ", ";
@@ -3518,7 +3523,7 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitValue(std::ostream& out, const type::Type* type, int val
                           "")) {
                 return false;
             }
-            ScopedParen sp(out);
+            ScopedParen sp(out.stream());
             for (uint32_t i = 0; i < (mat->rows() * mat->columns()); i++) {
                 if (i != 0) {
                     out << ", ";
@@ -3549,7 +3554,7 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitValue(std::ostream& out, const type::Type* type, int val
         });
 }
 
-bool GeneratorImpl::EmitZeroValue(std::ostream& out, const type::Type* type) {
+bool GeneratorImpl::EmitZeroValue(utils::StringStream& out, const type::Type* type) {
     return EmitValue(out, type, 0);
 }
 
@@ -3598,7 +3603,7 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitForLoop(const ast::ForLoopStatement* stmt) {
     }
 
     TextBuffer cond_pre;
-    std::stringstream cond_buf;
+    utils::StringStream cond_buf;
     if (auto* cond = stmt->condition) {
         TINT_SCOPED_ASSIGNMENT(current_buffer_, &cond_pre);
         if (!EmitExpression(cond_buf, cond)) {
@@ -3690,7 +3695,7 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitForLoop(const ast::ForLoopStatement* stmt) {
 
 bool GeneratorImpl::EmitWhile(const ast::WhileStatement* stmt) {
     TextBuffer cond_pre;
-    std::stringstream cond_buf;
+    utils::StringStream cond_buf;
     {
         auto* cond = stmt->condition;
         TINT_SCOPED_ASSIGNMENT(current_buffer_, &cond_pre);
@@ -3738,7 +3743,7 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitWhile(const ast::WhileStatement* stmt) {
     return true;
 }
 
-bool GeneratorImpl::EmitMemberAccessor(std::ostream& out,
+bool GeneratorImpl::EmitMemberAccessor(utils::StringStream& out,
                                        const ast::MemberAccessorExpression* expr) {
     if (!EmitExpression(out, expr->object)) {
         return false;
@@ -3911,7 +3916,7 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitSwitch(const ast::SwitchStatement* stmt) {
     return true;
 }
 
-bool GeneratorImpl::EmitType(std::ostream& out,
+bool GeneratorImpl::EmitType(utils::StringStream& out,
                              const type::Type* type,
                              builtin::AddressSpace address_space,
                              builtin::Access access,
@@ -4138,7 +4143,7 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitType(std::ostream& out,
         });
 }
 
-bool GeneratorImpl::EmitTypeAndName(std::ostream& out,
+bool GeneratorImpl::EmitTypeAndName(utils::StringStream& out,
                                     const type::Type* type,
                                     builtin::AddressSpace address_space,
                                     builtin::Access access,
@@ -4249,7 +4254,7 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitStructType(TextBuffer* b, const sem::Struct* str) {
     return true;
 }
 
-bool GeneratorImpl::EmitUnaryOp(std::ostream& out, const ast::UnaryOpExpression* expr) {
+bool GeneratorImpl::EmitUnaryOp(utils::StringStream& out, const ast::UnaryOpExpression* expr) {
     switch (expr->op) {
         case ast::UnaryOp::kIndirection:
         case ast::UnaryOp::kAddressOf:
@@ -4321,7 +4326,7 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::EmitLet(const ast::Let* let) {
 }
 
 template <typename F>
-bool GeneratorImpl::CallBuiltinHelper(std::ostream& out,
+bool GeneratorImpl::CallBuiltinHelper(utils::StringStream& out,
                                       const ast::CallExpression* call,
                                       const sem::Builtin* builtin,
                                       F&& build) {
@@ -4377,7 +4382,7 @@ bool GeneratorImpl::CallBuiltinHelper(std::ostream& out,
     // Call the helper
     out << fn;
     {
-        ScopedParen sp(out);
+        ScopedParen sp(out.stream());
         bool first = true;
         for (auto* arg : call->args) {
             if (!first) {
diff --git a/src/tint/writer/hlsl/generator_impl.h b/src/tint/writer/hlsl/generator_impl.h
index 6db120c3ad..f7adc9f9bc 100644
--- a/src/tint/writer/hlsl/generator_impl.h
+++ b/src/tint/writer/hlsl/generator_impl.h
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ class GeneratorImpl : public TextGenerator {
     /// @param out the output of the expression stream
     /// @param expr the expression to emit
     /// @returns true if the index accessor was emitted
-    bool EmitIndexAccessor(std::ostream& out, const ast::IndexAccessorExpression* expr);
+    bool EmitIndexAccessor(utils::StringStream& out, const ast::IndexAccessorExpression* expr);
     /// Handles an assignment statement
     /// @param stmt the statement to emit
     /// @returns true if the statement was emitted successfully
@@ -97,12 +97,12 @@ class GeneratorImpl : public TextGenerator {
     /// @param out the output of the expression stream
     /// @param expr the binary expression
     /// @returns true if the expression was emitted, false otherwise
-    bool EmitBinary(std::ostream& out, const ast::BinaryExpression* expr);
+    bool EmitBinary(utils::StringStream& out, const ast::BinaryExpression* expr);
     /// Handles generating a bitcast expression
     /// @param out the output of the expression stream
     /// @param expr the as expression
     /// @returns true if the bitcast was emitted
-    bool EmitBitcast(std::ostream& out, const ast::BitcastExpression* expr);
+    bool EmitBitcast(utils::StringStream& out, const ast::BitcastExpression* expr);
     /// Emits a list of statements
     /// @param stmts the statement list
     /// @returns true if the statements were emitted successfully
@@ -127,25 +127,29 @@ class GeneratorImpl : public TextGenerator {
     /// @param out the output of the expression stream
     /// @param expr the call expression
     /// @returns true if the call expression is emitted
-    bool EmitCall(std::ostream& out, const ast::CallExpression* expr);
+    bool EmitCall(utils::StringStream& out, const ast::CallExpression* expr);
     /// Handles generating a function call expression
     /// @param out the output of the expression stream
     /// @param call the call expression
     /// @param function the function being called
     /// @returns true if the expression is emitted
-    bool EmitFunctionCall(std::ostream& out, const sem::Call* call, const sem::Function* function);
+    bool EmitFunctionCall(utils::StringStream& out,
+                          const sem::Call* call,
+                          const sem::Function* function);
     /// Handles generating a builtin call expression
     /// @param out the output of the expression stream
     /// @param call the call expression
     /// @param builtin the builtin being called
     /// @returns true if the expression is emitted
-    bool EmitBuiltinCall(std::ostream& out, const sem::Call* call, const sem::Builtin* builtin);
+    bool EmitBuiltinCall(utils::StringStream& out,
+                         const sem::Call* call,
+                         const sem::Builtin* builtin);
     /// Handles generating a value conversion expression
     /// @param out the output of the expression stream
     /// @param call the call expression
     /// @param conv the value conversion
     /// @returns true if the expression is emitted
-    bool EmitValueConversion(std::ostream& out,
+    bool EmitValueConversion(utils::StringStream& out,
                              const sem::Call* call,
                              const sem::ValueConversion* conv);
     /// Handles generating a value constructor expression
@@ -153,7 +157,7 @@ class GeneratorImpl : public TextGenerator {
     /// @param call the call expression
     /// @param ctor the value constructor
     /// @returns true if the expression is emitted
-    bool EmitValueConstructor(std::ostream& out,
+    bool EmitValueConstructor(utils::StringStream& out,
                               const sem::Call* call,
                               const sem::ValueConstructor* ctor);
     /// Handles generating a call expression to a
@@ -162,7 +166,7 @@ class GeneratorImpl : public TextGenerator {
     /// @param expr the call expression
     /// @param intrinsic the transform::DecomposeMemoryAccess::Intrinsic
     /// @returns true if the call expression is emitted
-    bool EmitUniformBufferAccess(std::ostream& out,
+    bool EmitUniformBufferAccess(utils::StringStream& out,
                                  const ast::CallExpression* expr,
                                  const transform::DecomposeMemoryAccess::Intrinsic* intrinsic);
     /// Handles generating a call expression to a
@@ -171,20 +175,20 @@ class GeneratorImpl : public TextGenerator {
     /// @param expr the call expression
     /// @param intrinsic the transform::DecomposeMemoryAccess::Intrinsic
     /// @returns true if the call expression is emitted
-    bool EmitStorageBufferAccess(std::ostream& out,
+    bool EmitStorageBufferAccess(utils::StringStream& out,
                                  const ast::CallExpression* expr,
                                  const transform::DecomposeMemoryAccess::Intrinsic* intrinsic);
     /// Handles generating a barrier intrinsic call
     /// @param out the output of the expression stream
     /// @param builtin the semantic information for the barrier builtin
     /// @returns true if the call expression is emitted
-    bool EmitBarrierCall(std::ostream& out, const sem::Builtin* builtin);
+    bool EmitBarrierCall(utils::StringStream& out, const sem::Builtin* builtin);
     /// Handles generating an atomic intrinsic call for a storage buffer variable
     /// @param out the output of the expression stream
     /// @param expr the call expression
     /// @param intrinsic the atomic intrinsic
     /// @returns true if the call expression is emitted
-    bool EmitStorageAtomicCall(std::ostream& out,
+    bool EmitStorageAtomicCall(utils::StringStream& out,
                                const ast::CallExpression* expr,
                                const transform::DecomposeMemoryAccess::Intrinsic* intrinsic);
     /// Handles generating the helper function for the atomic intrinsic function
@@ -198,7 +202,7 @@ class GeneratorImpl : public TextGenerator {
     /// @param expr the call expression
     /// @param builtin the semantic information for the atomic builtin
     /// @returns true if the call expression is emitted
-    bool EmitWorkgroupAtomicCall(std::ostream& out,
+    bool EmitWorkgroupAtomicCall(utils::StringStream& out,
                                  const ast::CallExpression* expr,
                                  const sem::Builtin* builtin);
     /// Handles generating a call to a texture function (`textureSample`,
@@ -207,18 +211,20 @@ class GeneratorImpl : public TextGenerator {
     /// @param call the call expression
     /// @param builtin the semantic information for the texture builtin
     /// @returns true if the call expression is emitted
-    bool EmitTextureCall(std::ostream& out, const sem::Call* call, const sem::Builtin* builtin);
+    bool EmitTextureCall(utils::StringStream& out,
+                         const sem::Call* call,
+                         const sem::Builtin* builtin);
     /// Handles generating a call to the `select()` builtin
     /// @param out the output of the expression stream
     /// @param expr the call expression
     /// @returns true if the call expression is emitted
-    bool EmitSelectCall(std::ostream& out, const ast::CallExpression* expr);
+    bool EmitSelectCall(utils::StringStream& out, const ast::CallExpression* expr);
     /// Handles generating a call to the `modf()` builtin
     /// @param out the output of the expression stream
     /// @param expr the call expression
     /// @param builtin the semantic information for the builtin
     /// @returns true if the call expression is emitted
-    bool EmitModfCall(std::ostream& out,
+    bool EmitModfCall(utils::StringStream& out,
                       const ast::CallExpression* expr,
                       const sem::Builtin* builtin);
     /// Handles generating a call to the `frexp()` builtin
@@ -226,7 +232,7 @@ class GeneratorImpl : public TextGenerator {
     /// @param expr the call expression
     /// @param builtin the semantic information for the builtin
     /// @returns true if the call expression is emitted
-    bool EmitFrexpCall(std::ostream& out,
+    bool EmitFrexpCall(utils::StringStream& out,
                        const ast::CallExpression* expr,
                        const sem::Builtin* builtin);
     /// Handles generating a call to the `degrees()` builtin
@@ -234,7 +240,7 @@ class GeneratorImpl : public TextGenerator {
     /// @param expr the call expression
     /// @param builtin the semantic information for the builtin
     /// @returns true if the call expression is emitted
-    bool EmitDegreesCall(std::ostream& out,
+    bool EmitDegreesCall(utils::StringStream& out,
                          const ast::CallExpression* expr,
                          const sem::Builtin* builtin);
     /// Handles generating a call to the `radians()` builtin
@@ -242,7 +248,7 @@ class GeneratorImpl : public TextGenerator {
     /// @param expr the call expression
     /// @param builtin the semantic information for the builtin
     /// @returns true if the call expression is emitted
-    bool EmitRadiansCall(std::ostream& out,
+    bool EmitRadiansCall(utils::StringStream& out,
                          const ast::CallExpression* expr,
                          const sem::Builtin* builtin);
     /// Handles generating a call to the `sign()` builtin
@@ -250,13 +256,13 @@ class GeneratorImpl : public TextGenerator {
     /// @param call the call semantic node
     /// @param builtin the semantic information for the builtin
     /// @returns true if the call expression is emitted
-    bool EmitSignCall(std::ostream& out, const sem::Call* call, const sem::Builtin* builtin);
+    bool EmitSignCall(utils::StringStream& out, const sem::Call* call, const sem::Builtin* builtin);
     /// Handles generating a call to data packing builtin
     /// @param out the output of the expression stream
     /// @param expr the call expression
     /// @param builtin the semantic information for the builtin
     /// @returns true if the call expression is emitted
-    bool EmitDataPackingCall(std::ostream& out,
+    bool EmitDataPackingCall(utils::StringStream& out,
                              const ast::CallExpression* expr,
                              const sem::Builtin* builtin);
     /// Handles generating a call to data unpacking builtin
@@ -264,7 +270,7 @@ class GeneratorImpl : public TextGenerator {
     /// @param expr the call expression
     /// @param builtin the semantic information for the builtin
     /// @returns true if the call expression is emitted
-    bool EmitDataUnpackingCall(std::ostream& out,
+    bool EmitDataUnpackingCall(utils::StringStream& out,
                                const ast::CallExpression* expr,
                                const sem::Builtin* builtin);
     /// Handles generating a call to the `quantizeToF16()` intrinsic
@@ -272,7 +278,7 @@ class GeneratorImpl : public TextGenerator {
     /// @param expr the call expression
     /// @param builtin the semantic information for the builtin
     /// @returns true if the call expression is emitted
-    bool EmitQuantizeToF16Call(std::ostream& out,
+    bool EmitQuantizeToF16Call(utils::StringStream& out,
                                const ast::CallExpression* expr,
                                const sem::Builtin* builtin);
     /// Handles generating a call to DP4a builtins (dot4I8Packed and dot4U8Packed)
@@ -280,7 +286,7 @@ class GeneratorImpl : public TextGenerator {
     /// @param expr the call expression
     /// @param builtin the semantic information for the builtin
     /// @returns true if the call expression is emitted
-    bool EmitDP4aCall(std::ostream& out,
+    bool EmitDP4aCall(utils::StringStream& out,
                       const ast::CallExpression* expr,
                       const sem::Builtin* builtin);
     /// Handles a case statement
@@ -300,7 +306,7 @@ class GeneratorImpl : public TextGenerator {
     /// @param out the output of the expression stream
     /// @param expr the expression
     /// @returns true if the expression was emitted
-    bool EmitExpression(std::ostream& out, const ast::Expression* expr);
+    bool EmitExpression(utils::StringStream& out, const ast::Expression* expr);
     /// Handles generating a function
     /// @param func the function to generate
     /// @returns true if the function was emitted
@@ -357,14 +363,14 @@ class GeneratorImpl : public TextGenerator {
     /// @param is_variable_initializer true if the constant is used as the RHS of a variable
     /// initializer
     /// @returns true if the constant value was successfully emitted
-    bool EmitConstant(std::ostream& out,
+    bool EmitConstant(utils::StringStream& out,
                       const constant::Value* constant,
                       bool is_variable_initializer);
     /// Handles a literal
     /// @param out the output stream
     /// @param lit the literal to emit
     /// @returns true if the literal was successfully emitted
-    bool EmitLiteral(std::ostream& out, const ast::LiteralExpression* lit);
+    bool EmitLiteral(utils::StringStream& out, const ast::LiteralExpression* lit);
     /// Handles a loop statement
     /// @param stmt the statement to emit
     /// @returns true if the statement was emitted
@@ -381,12 +387,12 @@ class GeneratorImpl : public TextGenerator {
     /// @param out the output of the expression stream
     /// @param expr the identifier expression
     /// @returns true if the identifeir was emitted
-    bool EmitIdentifier(std::ostream& out, const ast::IdentifierExpression* expr);
+    bool EmitIdentifier(utils::StringStream& out, const ast::IdentifierExpression* expr);
     /// Handles a member accessor expression
     /// @param out the output of the expression stream
     /// @param expr the member accessor expression
     /// @returns true if the member accessor was emitted
-    bool EmitMemberAccessor(std::ostream& out, const ast::MemberAccessorExpression* expr);
+    bool EmitMemberAccessor(utils::StringStream& out, const ast::MemberAccessorExpression* expr);
     /// Handles return statements
     /// @param stmt the statement to emit
     /// @returns true if the statement was successfully emitted
@@ -412,7 +418,7 @@ class GeneratorImpl : public TextGenerator {
     /// @param name_printed (optional) if not nullptr and an array was printed
     /// then the boolean is set to true.
     /// @returns true if the type is emitted
-    bool EmitType(std::ostream& out,
+    bool EmitType(utils::StringStream& out,
                   const type::Type* type,
                   builtin::AddressSpace address_space,
                   builtin::Access access,
@@ -425,7 +431,7 @@ class GeneratorImpl : public TextGenerator {
     /// @param access the access control type of the variable
     /// @param name the name to emit
     /// @returns true if the type is emitted
-    bool EmitTypeAndName(std::ostream& out,
+    bool EmitTypeAndName(utils::StringStream& out,
                          const type::Type* type,
                          builtin::AddressSpace address_space,
                          builtin::Access access,
@@ -440,18 +446,18 @@ class GeneratorImpl : public TextGenerator {
     /// @param out the output of the expression stream
     /// @param expr the expression to emit
     /// @returns true if the expression was emitted
-    bool EmitUnaryOp(std::ostream& out, const ast::UnaryOpExpression* expr);
+    bool EmitUnaryOp(utils::StringStream& out, const ast::UnaryOpExpression* expr);
     /// Emits `value` for the given type
     /// @param out the output stream
     /// @param type the type to emit the value for
     /// @param value the value to emit
     /// @returns true if the value was successfully emitted.
-    bool EmitValue(std::ostream& out, const type::Type* type, int value);
+    bool EmitValue(utils::StringStream& out, const type::Type* type, int value);
     /// Emits the zero value for the given type
     /// @param out the output stream
     /// @param type the type to emit the value for
     /// @returns true if the zero value was successfully emitted.
-    bool EmitZeroValue(std::ostream& out, const type::Type* type);
+    bool EmitZeroValue(utils::StringStream& out, const type::Type* type);
     /// Handles generating a 'var' declaration
     /// @param var the variable to generate
     /// @returns true if the variable was emitted
@@ -541,7 +547,7 @@ class GeneratorImpl : public TextGenerator {
     ///          `params` is the name of all the generated function parameters
     /// @returns true if the call expression is emitted
     template <typename F>
-    bool CallBuiltinHelper(std::ostream& out,
+    bool CallBuiltinHelper(utils::StringStream& out,
                            const ast::CallExpression* call,
                            const sem::Builtin* builtin,
                            F&& build);
diff --git a/src/tint/writer/hlsl/generator_impl_array_accessor_test.cc b/src/tint/writer/hlsl/generator_impl_array_accessor_test.cc
index 73eea9675c..df68694bff 100644
--- a/src/tint/writer/hlsl/generator_impl_array_accessor_test.cc
+++ b/src/tint/writer/hlsl/generator_impl_array_accessor_test.cc
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
+#include "src/tint/utils/string_stream.h"
 #include "src/tint/writer/hlsl/test_helper.h"
 
 using namespace tint::number_suffixes;  // NOLINT
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslGeneratorImplTest_Expression, IndexAccessor) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(gen.EmitExpression(out, expr)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), "ary[5]");
 }
diff --git a/src/tint/writer/hlsl/generator_impl_binary_test.cc b/src/tint/writer/hlsl/generator_impl_binary_test.cc
index c99ae54524..630fc09d43 100644
--- a/src/tint/writer/hlsl/generator_impl_binary_test.cc
+++ b/src/tint/writer/hlsl/generator_impl_binary_test.cc
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 
 #include "src/tint/ast/call_statement.h"
 #include "src/tint/ast/variable_decl_statement.h"
+#include "src/tint/utils/string_stream.h"
 #include "src/tint/writer/hlsl/test_helper.h"
 
 using namespace tint::number_suffixes;  // NOLINT
@@ -62,7 +63,7 @@ TEST_P(HlslBinaryTest, Emit_f32) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(gen.EmitExpression(out, expr)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), params.result);
 }
@@ -94,7 +95,7 @@ TEST_P(HlslBinaryTest, Emit_f16) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(gen.EmitExpression(out, expr)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), params.result);
 }
@@ -117,7 +118,7 @@ TEST_P(HlslBinaryTest, Emit_u32) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(gen.EmitExpression(out, expr)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), params.result);
 }
@@ -145,7 +146,7 @@ TEST_P(HlslBinaryTest, Emit_i32) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(gen.EmitExpression(out, expr)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), params.result);
 }
@@ -182,7 +183,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslGeneratorImplTest_Binary, Multiply_VectorScalar_f32) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     EXPECT_TRUE(gen.EmitExpression(out, expr)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), "(1.0f).xxx");
 }
@@ -199,7 +200,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslGeneratorImplTest_Binary, Multiply_VectorScalar_f16) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     EXPECT_TRUE(gen.EmitExpression(out, expr)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), "(float16_t(1.0h)).xxx");
 }
@@ -214,7 +215,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslGeneratorImplTest_Binary, Multiply_ScalarVector_f32) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     EXPECT_TRUE(gen.EmitExpression(out, expr)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), "(1.0f).xxx");
 }
@@ -231,7 +232,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslGeneratorImplTest_Binary, Multiply_ScalarVector_f16) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     EXPECT_TRUE(gen.EmitExpression(out, expr)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), "(float16_t(1.0h)).xxx");
 }
@@ -246,7 +247,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslGeneratorImplTest_Binary, Multiply_MatrixScalar_f32) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     EXPECT_TRUE(gen.EmitExpression(out, expr)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), "(mat * 1.0f)");
 }
@@ -263,7 +264,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslGeneratorImplTest_Binary, Multiply_MatrixScalar_f16) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     EXPECT_TRUE(gen.EmitExpression(out, expr)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), "(mat * float16_t(1.0h))");
 }
@@ -278,7 +279,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslGeneratorImplTest_Binary, Multiply_ScalarMatrix_f32) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     EXPECT_TRUE(gen.EmitExpression(out, expr)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), "(1.0f * mat)");
 }
@@ -295,7 +296,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslGeneratorImplTest_Binary, Multiply_ScalarMatrix_f16) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     EXPECT_TRUE(gen.EmitExpression(out, expr)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), "(float16_t(1.0h) * mat)");
 }
@@ -310,7 +311,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslGeneratorImplTest_Binary, Multiply_MatrixVector_f32) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     EXPECT_TRUE(gen.EmitExpression(out, expr)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), "mul((1.0f).xxx, mat)");
 }
@@ -327,7 +328,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslGeneratorImplTest_Binary, Multiply_MatrixVector_f16) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     EXPECT_TRUE(gen.EmitExpression(out, expr)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), "mul((float16_t(1.0h)).xxx, mat)");
 }
@@ -342,7 +343,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslGeneratorImplTest_Binary, Multiply_VectorMatrix_f32) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     EXPECT_TRUE(gen.EmitExpression(out, expr)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), "mul(mat, (1.0f).xxx)");
 }
@@ -359,7 +360,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslGeneratorImplTest_Binary, Multiply_VectorMatrix_f16) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     EXPECT_TRUE(gen.EmitExpression(out, expr)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), "mul(mat, (float16_t(1.0h)).xxx)");
 }
@@ -373,7 +374,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslGeneratorImplTest_Binary, Multiply_MatrixMatrix_f32) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     EXPECT_TRUE(gen.EmitExpression(out, expr)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), "mul(rhs, lhs)");
 }
@@ -389,7 +390,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslGeneratorImplTest_Binary, Multiply_MatrixMatrix_f16) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     EXPECT_TRUE(gen.EmitExpression(out, expr)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), "mul(rhs, lhs)");
 }
@@ -403,7 +404,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslGeneratorImplTest_Binary, Logical_And) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(gen.EmitExpression(out, expr)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), "(tint_tmp)");
     EXPECT_EQ(gen.result(), R"(bool tint_tmp = a;
@@ -428,7 +429,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslGeneratorImplTest_Binary, Logical_Multi) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(gen.EmitExpression(out, expr)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), "(tint_tmp)");
     EXPECT_EQ(gen.result(), R"(bool tint_tmp_1 = a;
@@ -455,7 +456,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslGeneratorImplTest_Binary, Logical_Or) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(gen.EmitExpression(out, expr)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), "(tint_tmp)");
     EXPECT_EQ(gen.result(), R"(bool tint_tmp = a;
diff --git a/src/tint/writer/hlsl/generator_impl_bitcast_test.cc b/src/tint/writer/hlsl/generator_impl_bitcast_test.cc
index 5c4b9cc6eb..3061fbe70c 100644
--- a/src/tint/writer/hlsl/generator_impl_bitcast_test.cc
+++ b/src/tint/writer/hlsl/generator_impl_bitcast_test.cc
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
+#include "src/tint/utils/string_stream.h"
 #include "src/tint/writer/hlsl/test_helper.h"
 
 using namespace tint::number_suffixes;  // NOLINT
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslGeneratorImplTest_Bitcast, EmitExpression_Bitcast_Float) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(gen.EmitExpression(out, bitcast)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), "asfloat(a)");
 }
@@ -40,7 +41,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslGeneratorImplTest_Bitcast, EmitExpression_Bitcast_Int) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(gen.EmitExpression(out, bitcast)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), "asint(a)");
 }
@@ -52,7 +53,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslGeneratorImplTest_Bitcast, EmitExpression_Bitcast_Uint) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(gen.EmitExpression(out, bitcast)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), "asuint(a)");
 }
diff --git a/src/tint/writer/hlsl/generator_impl_builtin_test.cc b/src/tint/writer/hlsl/generator_impl_builtin_test.cc
index 3dbbe7d836..229213bda4 100644
--- a/src/tint/writer/hlsl/generator_impl_builtin_test.cc
+++ b/src/tint/writer/hlsl/generator_impl_builtin_test.cc
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 #include "src/tint/ast/call_statement.h"
 #include "src/tint/ast/stage_attribute.h"
 #include "src/tint/sem/call.h"
+#include "src/tint/utils/string_stream.h"
 #include "src/tint/writer/hlsl/test_helper.h"
 
 using ::testing::HasSubstr;
@@ -64,8 +65,8 @@ const ast::CallExpression* GenerateCall(BuiltinType builtin,
                                         CallParamType type,
                                         ProgramBuilder* builder) {
     std::string name;
-    std::ostringstream str(name);
-    str << builtin;
+    utils::StringStream str;
+    str << name << builtin;
     switch (builtin) {
         case BuiltinType::kAcos:
         case BuiltinType::kAsin:
@@ -347,7 +348,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslGeneratorImplTest_Builtin, Builtin_Call) {
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
     gen.increment_indent();
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(gen.EmitExpression(out, call)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), "dot(param1, param2)");
 }
@@ -360,7 +361,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslGeneratorImplTest_Builtin, Select_Scalar) {
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
     gen.increment_indent();
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(gen.EmitExpression(out, call)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), "(true ? b : a)");
 }
@@ -373,7 +374,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslGeneratorImplTest_Builtin, Select_Vector) {
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
     gen.increment_indent();
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(gen.EmitExpression(out, call)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), "(bool2(true, false) ? b : a)");
 }
diff --git a/src/tint/writer/hlsl/generator_impl_call_test.cc b/src/tint/writer/hlsl/generator_impl_call_test.cc
index 9947a081bf..50909bbab1 100644
--- a/src/tint/writer/hlsl/generator_impl_call_test.cc
+++ b/src/tint/writer/hlsl/generator_impl_call_test.cc
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 // limitations under the License.
 
 #include "src/tint/ast/call_statement.h"
+#include "src/tint/utils/string_stream.h"
 #include "src/tint/writer/hlsl/test_helper.h"
 
 using namespace tint::number_suffixes;  // NOLINT
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslGeneratorImplTest_Call, EmitExpression_Call_WithoutParams) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(gen.EmitExpression(out, call)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), "my_func()");
 }
@@ -50,7 +51,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslGeneratorImplTest_Call, EmitExpression_Call_WithParams) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(gen.EmitExpression(out, call)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), "my_func(param1, param2)");
 }
diff --git a/src/tint/writer/hlsl/generator_impl_cast_test.cc b/src/tint/writer/hlsl/generator_impl_cast_test.cc
index 4c522a3d29..7bb77da297 100644
--- a/src/tint/writer/hlsl/generator_impl_cast_test.cc
+++ b/src/tint/writer/hlsl/generator_impl_cast_test.cc
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
+#include "src/tint/utils/string_stream.h"
 #include "src/tint/writer/hlsl/test_helper.h"
 
 using namespace tint::number_suffixes;  // NOLINT
@@ -27,7 +28,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslGeneratorImplTest_Cast, EmitExpression_Cast_Scalar) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(gen.EmitExpression(out, cast)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), "1.0f");
 }
@@ -38,7 +39,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslGeneratorImplTest_Cast, EmitExpression_Cast_Vector) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(gen.EmitExpression(out, cast)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), "float3(1.0f, 2.0f, 3.0f)");
 }
diff --git a/src/tint/writer/hlsl/generator_impl_identifier_test.cc b/src/tint/writer/hlsl/generator_impl_identifier_test.cc
index 1e2b47b01d..db09c454a3 100644
--- a/src/tint/writer/hlsl/generator_impl_identifier_test.cc
+++ b/src/tint/writer/hlsl/generator_impl_identifier_test.cc
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
+#include "src/tint/utils/string_stream.h"
 #include "src/tint/writer/hlsl/test_helper.h"
 
 namespace tint::writer::hlsl {
@@ -27,7 +28,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslGeneratorImplTest_Identifier, EmitIdentifierExpression) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(gen.EmitExpression(out, i)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), "foo");
 }
diff --git a/src/tint/writer/hlsl/generator_impl_import_test.cc b/src/tint/writer/hlsl/generator_impl_import_test.cc
index 425c6639ae..28b72dcabd 100644
--- a/src/tint/writer/hlsl/generator_impl_import_test.cc
+++ b/src/tint/writer/hlsl/generator_impl_import_test.cc
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
+#include "src/tint/utils/string_stream.h"
 #include "src/tint/writer/hlsl/test_helper.h"
 
 using namespace tint::number_suffixes;  // NOLINT
@@ -39,7 +40,7 @@ TEST_P(HlslImportData_SingleParamTest, FloatScalar) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(gen.EmitCall(out, expr)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), std::string(param.hlsl_name) + "(1.0f)");
 }
@@ -77,7 +78,7 @@ TEST_P(HlslImportData_SingleIntParamTest, IntScalar) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(gen.EmitCall(out, expr)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), std::string(param.hlsl_name) + "(1)");
 }
@@ -94,7 +95,7 @@ TEST_P(HlslImportData_SingleVectorParamTest, FloatVector) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(gen.EmitCall(out, expr)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(out.str(),
               std::string(param.hlsl_name) + "(float3(0.100000001f, 0.200000003f, 0.300000012f))");
@@ -134,7 +135,7 @@ TEST_P(HlslImportData_DualParam_ScalarTest, Float) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(gen.EmitCall(out, expr)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), std::string(param.hlsl_name) + "(1.0f, 2.0f)");
 }
@@ -156,7 +157,7 @@ TEST_P(HlslImportData_DualParam_VectorTest, Float) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(gen.EmitCall(out, expr)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), std::string(param.hlsl_name) +
                              "(float3(1.0f, 2.0f, 3.0f), float3(4.0f, 5.0f, 6.0f))");
@@ -181,7 +182,7 @@ TEST_P(HlslImportData_DualParam_Int_Test, IntScalar) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(gen.EmitCall(out, expr)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), std::string(param.hlsl_name) + "(1, 2)");
 }
@@ -199,7 +200,7 @@ TEST_P(HlslImportData_TripleParam_ScalarTest, Float) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(gen.EmitCall(out, expr)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), std::string(param.hlsl_name) + "(1.0f, 2.0f, 3.0f)");
 }
@@ -220,7 +221,7 @@ TEST_P(HlslImportData_TripleParam_VectorTest, Float) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(gen.EmitCall(out, expr)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(
         out.str(),
@@ -243,7 +244,7 @@ TEST_P(HlslImportData_TripleParam_Int_Test, IntScalar) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(gen.EmitCall(out, expr)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), std::string(param.hlsl_name) + "(1, 2, 3)");
 }
@@ -259,7 +260,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslGeneratorImplTest_Import, HlslImportData_Determinant) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(gen.EmitCall(out, expr)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), std::string("determinant(var)"));
 }
@@ -272,7 +273,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslGeneratorImplTest_Import, HlslImportData_QuantizeToF16_Scalar) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(gen.EmitCall(out, expr)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), std::string("float(min16float(v))"));
 }
@@ -285,7 +286,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslGeneratorImplTest_Import, HlslImportData_QuantizeToF16_Vector) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(gen.EmitCall(out, expr)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), std::string("float3(min16float3(v))"));
 }
diff --git a/src/tint/writer/hlsl/generator_impl_type_test.cc b/src/tint/writer/hlsl/generator_impl_type_test.cc
index 71fe338964..4ee8a22ea9 100644
--- a/src/tint/writer/hlsl/generator_impl_type_test.cc
+++ b/src/tint/writer/hlsl/generator_impl_type_test.cc
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include "src/tint/type/sampler.h"
 #include "src/tint/type/storage_texture.h"
 #include "src/tint/type/texture_dimension.h"
+#include "src/tint/utils/string_stream.h"
 #include "src/tint/writer/hlsl/test_helper.h"
 
 using ::testing::HasSubstr;
@@ -38,7 +39,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslGeneratorImplTest_Type, EmitType_Array) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(gen.EmitType(out, program->TypeOf(ty), builtin::AddressSpace::kUndefined,
                              builtin::Access::kReadWrite, "ary"))
         << gen.error();
@@ -51,7 +52,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslGeneratorImplTest_Type, EmitType_ArrayOfArray) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(gen.EmitType(out, program->TypeOf(ty), builtin::AddressSpace::kUndefined,
                              builtin::Access::kReadWrite, "ary"))
         << gen.error();
@@ -64,7 +65,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslGeneratorImplTest_Type, EmitType_ArrayOfArrayOfArray) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(gen.EmitType(out, program->TypeOf(ty), builtin::AddressSpace::kUndefined,
                              builtin::Access::kReadWrite, "ary"))
         << gen.error();
@@ -77,7 +78,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslGeneratorImplTest_Type, EmitType_Array_WithoutName) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(gen.EmitType(out, program->TypeOf(ty), builtin::AddressSpace::kUndefined,
                              builtin::Access::kReadWrite, ""))
         << gen.error();
@@ -89,7 +90,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslGeneratorImplTest_Type, EmitType_Bool) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(gen.EmitType(out, bool_, builtin::AddressSpace::kUndefined,
                              builtin::Access::kReadWrite, ""))
         << gen.error();
@@ -101,7 +102,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslGeneratorImplTest_Type, EmitType_F16) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(
         gen.EmitType(out, f16, builtin::AddressSpace::kUndefined, builtin::Access::kReadWrite, ""))
         << gen.error();
@@ -113,7 +114,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslGeneratorImplTest_Type, EmitType_F32) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(
         gen.EmitType(out, f32, builtin::AddressSpace::kUndefined, builtin::Access::kReadWrite, ""))
         << gen.error();
@@ -125,7 +126,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslGeneratorImplTest_Type, EmitType_I32) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(
         gen.EmitType(out, i32, builtin::AddressSpace::kUndefined, builtin::Access::kReadWrite, ""))
         << gen.error();
@@ -139,7 +140,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslGeneratorImplTest_Type, EmitType_Matrix_F16) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(gen.EmitType(out, mat2x3, builtin::AddressSpace::kUndefined,
                              builtin::Access::kReadWrite, ""))
         << gen.error();
@@ -153,7 +154,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslGeneratorImplTest_Type, EmitType_Matrix_F32) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(gen.EmitType(out, mat2x3, builtin::AddressSpace::kUndefined,
                              builtin::Access::kReadWrite, ""))
         << gen.error();
@@ -203,7 +204,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslGeneratorImplTest_Type, EmitType_Struct) {
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
     auto* sem_s = program->TypeOf(s)->As<sem::Struct>();
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(gen.EmitType(out, sem_s, builtin::AddressSpace::kUndefined,
                              builtin::Access::kReadWrite, ""))
         << gen.error();
@@ -251,7 +252,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslGeneratorImplTest_Type, EmitType_U32) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(
         gen.EmitType(out, u32, builtin::AddressSpace::kUndefined, builtin::Access::kReadWrite, ""))
         << gen.error();
@@ -264,7 +265,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslGeneratorImplTest_Type, EmitType_Vector) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(
         gen.EmitType(out, vec3, builtin::AddressSpace::kUndefined, builtin::Access::kReadWrite, ""))
         << gen.error();
@@ -276,7 +277,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslGeneratorImplTest_Type, EmitType_Void) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(gen.EmitType(out, void_, builtin::AddressSpace::kUndefined,
                              builtin::Access::kReadWrite, ""))
         << gen.error();
@@ -288,7 +289,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslGeneratorImplTest_Type, EmitSampler) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(gen.EmitType(out, sampler, builtin::AddressSpace::kUndefined,
                              builtin::Access::kReadWrite, ""))
         << gen.error();
@@ -300,7 +301,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslGeneratorImplTest_Type, EmitSamplerComparison) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(gen.EmitType(out, sampler, builtin::AddressSpace::kUndefined,
                              builtin::Access::kReadWrite, ""))
         << gen.error();
@@ -511,7 +512,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslGeneratorImplTest_Type, EmitMultisampledTexture) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(
         gen.EmitType(out, s, builtin::AddressSpace::kUndefined, builtin::Access::kReadWrite, ""))
         << gen.error();
diff --git a/src/tint/writer/hlsl/generator_impl_unary_op_test.cc b/src/tint/writer/hlsl/generator_impl_unary_op_test.cc
index 4bf4329b23..1ac6851682 100644
--- a/src/tint/writer/hlsl/generator_impl_unary_op_test.cc
+++ b/src/tint/writer/hlsl/generator_impl_unary_op_test.cc
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
+#include "src/tint/utils/string_stream.h"
 #include "src/tint/writer/hlsl/test_helper.h"
 
 namespace tint::writer::hlsl {
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslUnaryOpTest, AddressOf) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(gen.EmitExpression(out, op)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), "expr");
 }
@@ -38,7 +39,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslUnaryOpTest, Complement) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(gen.EmitExpression(out, op)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), "~(expr)");
 }
@@ -51,7 +52,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslUnaryOpTest, Indirection) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(gen.EmitExpression(out, op)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), "expr");
 }
@@ -63,7 +64,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslUnaryOpTest, Not) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(gen.EmitExpression(out, op)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), "!(expr)");
 }
@@ -75,7 +76,7 @@ TEST_F(HlslUnaryOpTest, Negation) {
 
     GeneratorImpl& gen = Build();
 
-    std::stringstream out;
+    utils::StringStream out;
     ASSERT_TRUE(gen.EmitExpression(out, op)) << gen.error();
     EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), "-(expr)");
 }