diff --git a/src/inspector/inspector_test.cc b/src/inspector/inspector_test.cc
index 23d6fac5b0..51f9d41e69 100644
--- a/src/inspector/inspector_test.cc
+++ b/src/inspector/inspector_test.cc
@@ -572,14 +572,14 @@ class InspectorHelper : public ProgramBuilder {
   /// @param format the image format of the storage texture
   /// @param read_only should the access type be read only, otherwise write only
   /// @returns the storage texture type, subtype & access control type
-  typ::Type MakeStorageTextureTypes(ast::TextureDimension dim,
-                                    ast::ImageFormat format,
-                                    bool read_only) {
+  ast::Type* MakeStorageTextureTypes(ast::TextureDimension dim,
+                                     ast::ImageFormat format,
+                                     bool read_only) {
     auto ac = read_only ? ast::AccessControl::kReadOnly
                         : ast::AccessControl::kWriteOnly;
     auto tex = ty.storage_texture(dim, format);
 
-    return {ty.access(ac, tex.ast), tex.sem};
+    return ty.access(ac, tex);
   }
 
   /// Adds a storage texture variable to the program
@@ -1688,13 +1688,13 @@ TEST_F(InspectorGetResourceBindingsTest, Simple) {
   MakeComparisonSamplerReferenceBodyFunction(
       "cs_func", "cs_texture", "cs_var", "cs_coords", "cs_depth", ty.f32(), {});
 
-  auto st_type = MakeStorageTextureTypes(ast::TextureDimension::k2d,
-                                         ast::ImageFormat::kR32Uint, false);
+  auto* st_type = MakeStorageTextureTypes(ast::TextureDimension::k2d,
+                                          ast::ImageFormat::kR32Uint, false);
   AddStorageTexture("st_var", st_type, 4, 0);
   MakeStorageTextureBodyFunction("st_func", "st_var", ty.vec2<i32>(), {});
 
-  auto rost_type = MakeStorageTextureTypes(ast::TextureDimension::k2d,
-                                           ast::ImageFormat::kR32Uint, true);
+  auto* rost_type = MakeStorageTextureTypes(ast::TextureDimension::k2d,
+                                            ast::ImageFormat::kR32Uint, true);
   AddStorageTexture("rost_var", rost_type, 4, 1);
   MakeStorageTextureBodyFunction("rost_func", "rost_var", ty.vec2<i32>(), {});
 
@@ -2797,7 +2797,7 @@ TEST_P(InspectorGetStorageTextureResourceBindingsTestWithParam, Simple) {
   ResourceBinding::SampledKind expected_kind;
   std::tie(format, expected_format, expected_kind) = format_params;
 
-  auto st_type = MakeStorageTextureTypes(dim, format, read_only);
+  auto* st_type = MakeStorageTextureTypes(dim, format, read_only);
   AddStorageTexture("st_var", st_type, 0, 0);
 
   ast::Type* dim_type = nullptr;
diff --git a/src/intrinsic_table_test.cc b/src/intrinsic_table_test.cc
index 4db434df17..9cad7dd5dc 100644
--- a/src/intrinsic_table_test.cc
+++ b/src/intrinsic_table_test.cc
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ TEST_F(IntrinsicTableTest, MatchI32) {
   auto* f32 = create<sem::F32>();
   auto* i32 = create<sem::I32>();
   auto* vec4_f32 = create<sem::Vector>(f32, 4);
-  auto tex = ty.sampled_texture(ast::TextureDimension::k1d, f32);
+  auto* tex = create<sem::SampledTexture>(ast::TextureDimension::k1d, f32);
   auto result = table->Lookup(*this, IntrinsicType::kTextureLoad,
                               {tex, i32, i32}, Source{});
   ASSERT_NE(result.intrinsic, nullptr);
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ TEST_F(IntrinsicTableTest, MatchI32) {
 
 TEST_F(IntrinsicTableTest, MismatchI32) {
   auto* f32 = create<sem::F32>();
-  auto tex = ty.sampled_texture(ast::TextureDimension::k1d, f32);
+  auto* tex = create<sem::SampledTexture>(ast::TextureDimension::k1d, f32);
   auto result =
       table->Lookup(*this, IntrinsicType::kTextureLoad, {tex, f32}, Source{});
   ASSERT_EQ(result.intrinsic, nullptr);
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ TEST_F(IntrinsicTableTest, MatchSampler) {
   auto* f32 = create<sem::F32>();
   auto* vec2_f32 = create<sem::Vector>(f32, 2);
   auto* vec4_f32 = create<sem::Vector>(f32, 4);
-  auto tex = ty.sampled_texture(ast::TextureDimension::k2d, f32);
+  auto* tex = create<sem::SampledTexture>(ast::TextureDimension::k2d, f32);
   auto sampler = ty.sampler(ast::SamplerKind::kSampler);
   auto result = table->Lookup(*this, IntrinsicType::kTextureSample,
                               {tex, sampler, vec2_f32}, Source{});
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ TEST_F(IntrinsicTableTest, MatchSampler) {
 TEST_F(IntrinsicTableTest, MismatchSampler) {
   auto* f32 = create<sem::F32>();
   auto* vec2_f32 = create<sem::Vector>(f32, 2);
-  auto tex = ty.sampled_texture(ast::TextureDimension::k2d, f32);
+  auto* tex = create<sem::SampledTexture>(ast::TextureDimension::k2d, f32);
   auto result = table->Lookup(*this, IntrinsicType::kTextureSample,
                               {tex, f32, vec2_f32}, Source{});
   ASSERT_EQ(result.intrinsic, nullptr);
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ TEST_F(IntrinsicTableTest, MatchSampledTexture) {
   auto* f32 = create<sem::F32>();
   auto* vec2_i32 = create<sem::Vector>(i32, 2);
   auto* vec4_f32 = create<sem::Vector>(f32, 4);
-  auto tex = ty.sampled_texture(ast::TextureDimension::k2d, f32);
+  auto* tex = create<sem::SampledTexture>(ast::TextureDimension::k2d, f32);
   auto result = table->Lookup(*this, IntrinsicType::kTextureLoad,
                               {tex, vec2_i32, i32}, Source{});
   ASSERT_NE(result.intrinsic, nullptr);
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ TEST_F(IntrinsicTableTest, MatchDepthTexture) {
   auto* f32 = create<sem::F32>();
   auto* i32 = create<sem::I32>();
   auto* vec2_i32 = create<sem::Vector>(i32, 2);
-  auto tex = ty.depth_texture(ast::TextureDimension::k2d);
+  auto* tex = create<sem::DepthTexture>(ast::TextureDimension::k2d);
   auto result = table->Lookup(*this, IntrinsicType::kTextureLoad,
                               {tex, vec2_i32, i32}, Source{});
   ASSERT_NE(result.intrinsic, nullptr);
@@ -510,7 +510,7 @@ TEST_F(IntrinsicTableTest, OverloadOrderByNumberOfParameters) {
 }
 
 TEST_F(IntrinsicTableTest, OverloadOrderByMatchingParameter) {
-  auto tex = ty.depth_texture(ast::TextureDimension::k2d);
+  auto* tex = create<sem::DepthTexture>(ast::TextureDimension::k2d);
   auto* bool_ = create<sem::Bool>();
   auto result = table->Lookup(*this, IntrinsicType::kTextureDimensions,
                               {tex, bool_}, Source{});
diff --git a/src/program_builder.h b/src/program_builder.h
index 1ddc1355e9..da8aa40505 100644
--- a/src/program_builder.h
+++ b/src/program_builder.h
@@ -766,8 +766,7 @@ class ProgramBuilder {
     /// @param dims the dimensionality of the texture
     /// @returns the depth texture
     typ::DepthTexture depth_texture(ast::TextureDimension dims) const {
-      return {builder->create<ast::DepthTexture>(dims),
-              builder->create<sem::DepthTexture>(dims)};
+      return {builder->create<ast::DepthTexture>(dims)};
     }
 
     /// @param source the Source of the node
@@ -775,8 +774,7 @@ class ProgramBuilder {
     /// @returns the depth texture
     typ::DepthTexture depth_texture(const Source& source,
                                     ast::TextureDimension dims) const {
-      return {builder->create<ast::DepthTexture>(source, dims),
-              builder->create<sem::DepthTexture>(dims)};
+      return {builder->create<ast::DepthTexture>(source, dims)};
     }
 
     /// @param dims the dimensionality of the texture
@@ -784,10 +782,7 @@ class ProgramBuilder {
     /// @returns the sampled texture
     typ::SampledTexture sampled_texture(ast::TextureDimension dims,
                                         typ::Type subtype) const {
-      return {subtype.ast ? builder->create<ast::SampledTexture>(dims, subtype)
-                          : nullptr,
-              subtype.sem ? builder->create<sem::SampledTexture>(dims, subtype)
-                          : nullptr};
+      return {builder->create<ast::SampledTexture>(dims, subtype)};
     }
 
     /// @param source the Source of the node
@@ -797,11 +792,7 @@ class ProgramBuilder {
     typ::SampledTexture sampled_texture(const Source& source,
                                         ast::TextureDimension dims,
                                         typ::Type subtype) const {
-      return {subtype.ast
-                  ? builder->create<ast::SampledTexture>(source, dims, subtype)
-                  : nullptr,
-              subtype.sem ? builder->create<sem::SampledTexture>(dims, subtype)
-                          : nullptr};
+      return {builder->create<ast::SampledTexture>(source, dims, subtype)};
     }
 
     /// @param dims the dimensionality of the texture
@@ -809,11 +800,7 @@ class ProgramBuilder {
     /// @returns the multisampled texture
     typ::MultisampledTexture multisampled_texture(ast::TextureDimension dims,
                                                   typ::Type subtype) const {
-      return {
-          subtype.ast ? builder->create<ast::MultisampledTexture>(dims, subtype)
-                      : nullptr,
-          subtype.sem ? builder->create<sem::MultisampledTexture>(dims, subtype)
-                      : nullptr};
+      return {builder->create<ast::MultisampledTexture>(dims, subtype)};
     }
 
     /// @param source the Source of the node
@@ -823,12 +810,7 @@ class ProgramBuilder {
     typ::MultisampledTexture multisampled_texture(const Source& source,
                                                   ast::TextureDimension dims,
                                                   typ::Type subtype) const {
-      return {
-          subtype.ast
-              ? builder->create<ast::MultisampledTexture>(source, dims, subtype)
-              : nullptr,
-          subtype.sem ? builder->create<sem::MultisampledTexture>(dims, subtype)
-                      : nullptr};
+      return {builder->create<ast::MultisampledTexture>(source, dims, subtype)};
     }
 
     /// @param dims the dimensionality of the texture
@@ -836,12 +818,8 @@ class ProgramBuilder {
     /// @returns the storage texture
     typ::StorageTexture storage_texture(ast::TextureDimension dims,
                                         ast::ImageFormat format) const {
-      auto* ast_subtype = ast::StorageTexture::SubtypeFor(format, *builder);
-      auto* sem_subtype =
-          sem::StorageTexture::SubtypeFor(format, builder->Types());
-      return {builder->create<ast::StorageTexture>(dims, format, ast_subtype),
-              builder->create<sem::StorageTexture>(
-                  dims, format, ast::AccessControl::kInvalid, sem_subtype)};
+      auto* subtype = ast::StorageTexture::SubtypeFor(format, *builder);
+      return {builder->create<ast::StorageTexture>(dims, format, subtype)};
     }
 
     /// @param source the Source of the node
@@ -851,26 +829,20 @@ class ProgramBuilder {
     typ::StorageTexture storage_texture(const Source& source,
                                         ast::TextureDimension dims,
                                         ast::ImageFormat format) const {
-      auto* ast_subtype = ast::StorageTexture::SubtypeFor(format, *builder);
-      auto* sem_subtype =
-          sem::StorageTexture::SubtypeFor(format, builder->Types());
-      return {builder->create<ast::StorageTexture>(source, dims, format,
-                                                   ast_subtype),
-              builder->create<sem::StorageTexture>(
-                  dims, format, ast::AccessControl::kInvalid, sem_subtype)};
+      auto* subtype = ast::StorageTexture::SubtypeFor(format, *builder);
+      return {
+          builder->create<ast::StorageTexture>(source, dims, format, subtype)};
     }
 
     /// @returns the external texture
     typ::ExternalTexture external_texture() const {
-      return {builder->create<ast::ExternalTexture>(),
-              builder->create<sem::ExternalTexture>()};
+      return {builder->create<ast::ExternalTexture>()};
     }
 
     /// @param source the Source of the node
     /// @returns the external texture
     typ::ExternalTexture external_texture(const Source& source) const {
-      return {builder->create<ast::ExternalTexture>(source),
-              builder->create<sem::ExternalTexture>()};
+      return {builder->create<ast::ExternalTexture>(source)};
     }
 
     /// If ty is a ast::Struct or ast::Alias, the returned type is an
diff --git a/src/typepair.h b/src/typepair.h
index 4a6762a585..61dfe0684a 100644
--- a/src/typepair.h
+++ b/src/typepair.h
@@ -237,18 +237,10 @@ bool operator!=(std::nullptr_t, const TypePair<AST, SEM>& rhs) {
 
 using Type = TypePair<ast::Type, sem::Type>;
 
-using Array = TypePair<ast::Array, sem::Array>;
-using DepthTexture = TypePair<ast::DepthTexture, sem::DepthTexture>;
-using ExternalTexture = TypePair<ast::ExternalTexture, sem::ExternalTexture>;
 using Matrix = TypePair<ast::Matrix, sem::Matrix>;
-using MultisampledTexture =
-    TypePair<ast::MultisampledTexture, sem::MultisampledTexture>;
 using Pointer = TypePair<ast::Pointer, sem::Pointer>;
 using Sampler = TypePair<ast::Sampler, sem::Sampler>;
-using SampledTexture = TypePair<ast::SampledTexture, sem::SampledTexture>;
-using StorageTexture = TypePair<ast::StorageTexture, sem::StorageTexture>;
 using Struct = TypePair<ast::Struct, sem::Struct>;
-using Texture = TypePair<ast::Texture, sem::Texture>;
 using Vector = TypePair<ast::Vector, sem::Vector>;
 
 using Bool = Ptr<ast::Bool>;
@@ -256,6 +248,12 @@ using U32 = Ptr<ast::U32>;
 using I32 = Ptr<ast::I32>;
 using F32 = Ptr<ast::F32>;
 using Void = Ptr<ast::Void>;
+using DepthTexture = Ptr<ast::DepthTexture>;
+using ExternalTexture = Ptr<ast::ExternalTexture>;
+using MultisampledTexture = Ptr<ast::MultisampledTexture>;
+using SampledTexture = Ptr<ast::SampledTexture>;
+using StorageTexture = Ptr<ast::StorageTexture>;
+using Texture = Ptr<ast::Texture>;
 
 // Helpers
 
diff --git a/src/writer/spirv/builder_type_test.cc b/src/writer/spirv/builder_type_test.cc
index 51cb38e4ff..255f695dbb 100644
--- a/src/writer/spirv/builder_type_test.cc
+++ b/src/writer/spirv/builder_type_test.cc
@@ -842,7 +842,7 @@ TEST_F(BuilderTest_Type, StorageTexture_Generate_1d) {
 
   spirv::Builder& b = Build();
 
-  EXPECT_EQ(b.GenerateTypeIfNeeded(s), 1u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(b.GenerateTypeIfNeeded(program->TypeOf(s)), 1u);
   ASSERT_FALSE(b.has_error()) << b.error();
   EXPECT_EQ(DumpInstructions(b.types()), R"(%2 = OpTypeFloat 32
 %1 = OpTypeImage %2 1D 0 0 0 2 R32f
@@ -862,7 +862,7 @@ TEST_F(BuilderTest_Type, StorageTexture_Generate_2d) {
 
   spirv::Builder& b = Build();
 
-  EXPECT_EQ(b.GenerateTypeIfNeeded(s), 1u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(b.GenerateTypeIfNeeded(program->TypeOf(s)), 1u);
   ASSERT_FALSE(b.has_error()) << b.error();
   EXPECT_EQ(DumpInstructions(b.types()), R"(%2 = OpTypeFloat 32
 %1 = OpTypeImage %2 2D 0 0 0 2 R32f
@@ -882,7 +882,7 @@ TEST_F(BuilderTest_Type, StorageTexture_Generate_2dArray) {
 
   spirv::Builder& b = Build();
 
-  EXPECT_EQ(b.GenerateTypeIfNeeded(s), 1u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(b.GenerateTypeIfNeeded(program->TypeOf(s)), 1u);
   ASSERT_FALSE(b.has_error()) << b.error();
   EXPECT_EQ(DumpInstructions(b.types()), R"(%2 = OpTypeFloat 32
 %1 = OpTypeImage %2 2D 0 1 0 2 R32f
@@ -902,7 +902,7 @@ TEST_F(BuilderTest_Type, StorageTexture_Generate_3d) {
 
   spirv::Builder& b = Build();
 
-  EXPECT_EQ(b.GenerateTypeIfNeeded(s), 1u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(b.GenerateTypeIfNeeded(program->TypeOf(s)), 1u);
   ASSERT_FALSE(b.has_error()) << b.error();
   EXPECT_EQ(DumpInstructions(b.types()), R"(%2 = OpTypeFloat 32
 %1 = OpTypeImage %2 3D 0 0 0 2 R32f
@@ -923,7 +923,7 @@ TEST_F(BuilderTest_Type,
 
   spirv::Builder& b = Build();
 
-  EXPECT_EQ(b.GenerateTypeIfNeeded(s), 1u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(b.GenerateTypeIfNeeded(program->TypeOf(s)), 1u);
   ASSERT_FALSE(b.has_error()) << b.error();
   EXPECT_EQ(DumpInstructions(b.types()), R"(%2 = OpTypeFloat 32
 %1 = OpTypeImage %2 2D 0 0 0 2 R32f
@@ -944,7 +944,7 @@ TEST_F(BuilderTest_Type,
 
   spirv::Builder& b = Build();
 
-  EXPECT_EQ(b.GenerateTypeIfNeeded(s), 1u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(b.GenerateTypeIfNeeded(program->TypeOf(s)), 1u);
   ASSERT_FALSE(b.has_error()) << b.error();
   EXPECT_EQ(DumpInstructions(b.types()), R"(%2 = OpTypeInt 32 1
 %1 = OpTypeImage %2 2D 0 0 0 2 R32i
@@ -965,7 +965,7 @@ TEST_F(BuilderTest_Type,
 
   spirv::Builder& b = Build();
 
-  EXPECT_EQ(b.GenerateTypeIfNeeded(s), 1u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(b.GenerateTypeIfNeeded(program->TypeOf(s)), 1u);
   ASSERT_FALSE(b.has_error()) << b.error();
   EXPECT_EQ(DumpInstructions(b.types()), R"(%2 = OpTypeInt 32 0
 %1 = OpTypeImage %2 2D 0 0 0 2 R32ui