Bug: dawn:442
Change-Id: I889a943cbaf2d349c31a15fdf126d66964bdd0a7
Reviewed-on: https://dawn-review.googlesource.com/c/dawn/+/23247
Commit-Queue: Austin Eng <enga@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Stephen White <senorblanco@chromium.org>
This CL adds a TypedInteger helper which provides additional type
safety in Dawn. It is a compile-time restriction that prevents integers
of different types from being used interchangably in Debug builds.
It also adds ityp::{array,bitset,span} as helper classes to wrap std::
versions (not span). These accept a template paramter as the Index type
so that typed integers, or enum classes, may be used as a type-safe
index.
For now, bind group layout binding indices use TypedInteger. Future
CLs will convert other indices to be type-safe as well.
Bug: dawn:442
Change-Id: I5b63b1e4f6154322db0227a7788a4e9b8303410e
Reviewed-on: https://dawn-review.googlesource.com/c/dawn/+/19902
Reviewed-by: Austin Eng <enga@chromium.org>
Commit-Queue: Austin Eng <enga@chromium.org>
This patch makes Dawn provide more detailed error messages when the
pipeline layout is not compatible with shader module, which is helpful
to debug such errors in WebGPU applications.
BUG=dawn:456
Change-Id: Ib5a870d8e66645481434c4d3dc6fdc1a585aac36
Reviewed-on: https://dawn-review.googlesource.com/c/dawn/+/22881
Commit-Queue: Kai Ninomiya <kainino@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Kai Ninomiya <kainino@chromium.org>
BUG=dawn:405
Change-Id: I7a79a0d7ce58ff995ec1ff917dd427875fb4deaf
Reviewed-on: https://dawn-review.googlesource.com/c/dawn/+/21340
Reviewed-by: Austin Eng <enga@chromium.org>
Commit-Queue: Ryan Harrison <rharrison@chromium.org>
This patch adds a validation to disallow declaraing combined textures
and samplers in shaders.
SPVC doesn't provide a way to extract the information of combined
textures and samplers from shaders, so currently we cannot add the
related validation when we use SPVC.
BUG=dawn:423
TEST=dawn_unittests
Change-Id: I81f05dc6adb57fbc981ee1a651e160c096315551
Reviewed-on: https://dawn-review.googlesource.com/c/dawn/+/22000
Reviewed-by: Austin Eng <enga@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Corentin Wallez <cwallez@chromium.org>
Commit-Queue: Jiawei Shao <jiawei.shao@intel.com>
It was deprecated in favor of chaining a
wgpu::ShaderModuleSPIRVDescriptor.
Bug: dawn:22
Change-Id: I210cd7c21c33c6ca8dd286ea64389b774a4355e5
Reviewed-on: https://dawn-review.googlesource.com/c/dawn/+/21683
Commit-Queue: Corentin Wallez <cwallez@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Stephen White <senorblanco@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Austin Eng <enga@chromium.org>
This also adds the definition of the WGSL sub descriptor but forbids
using it for now.
Bug: dawn:22
Change-Id: I0514eec95bbcda28911547d6bda4d5257b62432b
Reviewed-on: https://dawn-review.googlesource.com/c/dawn/+/19865
Commit-Queue: Corentin Wallez <cwallez@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Ryan Harrison <rharrison@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Austin Eng <enga@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Kai Ninomiya <kainino@chromium.org>
This will make it easier to support SPIRV as a chained sub-descriptor of
ShaderModuleDescriptor in follow-up CLs.
Also fix a couple style and formatting issues.
Bug: dawn:22
Change-Id: Iddaf1f87edee65687e17670b70024835918a0382
Reviewed-on: https://dawn-review.googlesource.com/c/dawn/+/19864
Commit-Queue: Corentin Wallez <cwallez@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Kai Ninomiya <kainino@chromium.org>
This is a reland of 6d9e4f8076
Now that the Chromium-side API change has landed, this CL can land.
Original change's description:
> Add ComparisonSampler binding type and validation tests
>
> Bug: dawn:367
> Change-Id: Iba1d3d03f6247a356b6f3fabfe7a7ba3c0753171
> Reviewed-on: https://dawn-review.googlesource.com/c/dawn/+/18423
> Reviewed-by: Austin Eng <enga@chromium.org>
> Commit-Queue: Austin Eng <enga@chromium.org>
Bug: dawn:367
TBR=cwallez@chromium.org,kainino@chromium.org
Change-Id: I325d096e7ce092d17833429c3f54ef7c71189739
Reviewed-on: https://dawn-review.googlesource.com/c/dawn/+/20045
Reviewed-by: Austin Eng <enga@chromium.org>
Commit-Queue: Austin Eng <enga@chromium.org>
This reverts commit 6d9e4f8076.
Reason for revert: Breaks the roll in Chromium, gpu_sampler.cc must first be
fixed to use the new undefined value, before this can be landed.
Original change's description:
> Add ComparisonSampler binding type and validation tests
>
> Bug: dawn:367
> Change-Id: Iba1d3d03f6247a356b6f3fabfe7a7ba3c0753171
> Reviewed-on: https://dawn-review.googlesource.com/c/dawn/+/18423
> Reviewed-by: Austin Eng <enga@chromium.org>
> Commit-Queue: Austin Eng <enga@chromium.org>
TBR=cwallez@chromium.org,kainino@chromium.org,enga@chromium.org
# Not skipping CQ checks because original CL landed > 1 day ago.
Bug: dawn:367
Change-Id: Ic071a601df2063bd2da5388b2e75c1a121924a69
Reviewed-on: https://dawn-review.googlesource.com/c/dawn/+/19983
Reviewed-by: Corentin Wallez <cwallez@chromium.org>
Commit-Queue: Corentin Wallez <cwallez@chromium.org>
I am about to add a new entry to the enum being used in this switch on
the spvc side. Temporarily adding in a default here, so that can roll
correctly, then this function can be updated to use the new entry.
BUG=dawn:367
Change-Id: I9345f651e2e23604599a1b25fcd2993127062695
Reviewed-on: https://dawn-review.googlesource.com/c/dawn/+/19040
Commit-Queue: Ryan Harrison <rharrison@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Kai Ninomiya <kainino@chromium.org>
Dawn was using a very uncommon way to do breaks from case statements
when a block was introduced for that case statement. Fix it by running
the following commands:
git grep -l "} break;" | xargs sed -i "" -e "s/} break;/break;}/"
git cl format
Some -Wunreachable-code-break become very apparent in this CL but and are
fixed in a follow-up to keep mechanical and manual changes separate.
Bug: None
Change-Id: I558eda92bb1c9d938cc7cf07b091b733b57d3aca
Reviewed-on: https://dawn-review.googlesource.com/c/dawn/+/18660
Commit-Queue: Corentin Wallez <cwallez@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Nico Weber <thakis@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Austin Eng <enga@chromium.org>
This moves BindGroupLayoutBase::BindingInfo into the dawn_native
namespace and changes ShaderModule::BindingInfo to extend it with
SPIR-V ids.
Bug: dawn:354
Change-Id: I6a2187e94c0200bee729cf8290f74e4f8c648334
Reviewed-on: https://dawn-review.googlesource.com/c/dawn/+/17920
Commit-Queue: Austin Eng <enga@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Kai Ninomiya <kainino@chromium.org>
This makes accessing per-index data simpler, and now that dynamic
buffer bindings are packed at the front, the old IterateBitset on
the dynamic buffer binding mask can be replaced with a simple loop
over the beginning bindings.
Bug: dawn:354
Change-Id: I1adf371c3228690758f90ab1f0de88ad8d0f950d
Reviewed-on: https://dawn-review.googlesource.com/c/dawn/+/17681
Reviewed-by: Corentin Wallez <cwallez@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Kai Ninomiya <kainino@chromium.org>
Commit-Queue: Austin Eng <enga@chromium.org>
This patch records if a storage texture is declared as multisampled or
not in shaders after a fix in shaderc.
BUG=dawn:267
TEST=dawn_unittests
Change-Id: I3914ccd3bfa4d0b6ab9c7cfb650352b70ba067a5
Reviewed-on: https://dawn-review.googlesource.com/c/dawn/+/17600
Commit-Queue: Jiawei Shao <jiawei.shao@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Kai Ninomiya <kainino@chromium.org>
This reverts commit 7c24b6b2ff.
Reason for revert: We can reland this CL now as the fix in shaderc has
been merged.
Note that the declaration whether a storage texture is multisampled or not
cannot be extracted correctly in SPVC. The fix in Dawn will be added after
it is fixed in shaderc.
Original change's description:
> Revert "Check bind group layout with storage texture in pipeline descriptors"
>
> This reverts commit 63f2666ee7.
>
> Reason for revert: causes failures in dawn_unittests after Dawn uses SPVC by default. We need a fix in both SPVC and this CL before re-landing.
>
> Original change's description:
> > Check bind group layout with storage texture in pipeline descriptors
> >
> > This patch adds all the validations on the use of bind group layout with
> > read-only storage texture and write-only storage texture in the creation
> > of pipeline objects.
> >
> > 1. GPUBindGroupLayout.bindingType must match the type of the storage
> > texture variable (read-only or write-only) in shader.
> > 2. GPUBindGroupLayout.storageTextureFormat must be a valid texture
> > format that supports STORAGE usage.
> > 3. GPUBindGroupLayout.storageTextureFormat must match the storage
> > texture format declaration in shader.
> > 4. GPUBindGroupLayout.textureDimension must match the storage texture
> > dimension declared in shader.
> >
> > BUG=dawn:267
> > TEST=dawn_unittests
> >
> > Change-Id: Ifa3c2194dc76de14f790a0a73868e69bbb31c814
> > Reviewed-on: https://dawn-review.googlesource.com/c/dawn/+/17167
> > Commit-Queue: Jiawei Shao <jiawei.shao@intel.com>
> > Reviewed-by: Kai Ninomiya <kainino@chromium.org>
>
> TBR=cwallez@chromium.org,kainino@chromium.org,yunchao.he@intel.com,jiawei.shao@intel.com,shaobo.yan@intel.com,hao.x.li@intel.com,enga@chromium.org,jiajie.hu@intel.com
>
> Change-Id: Idb4083b11f22fa7e4c5c8477bc4b65b58900746e
> No-Presubmit: true
> No-Tree-Checks: true
> No-Try: true
> Bug: dawn:267
> Reviewed-on: https://dawn-review.googlesource.com/c/dawn/+/17380
> Reviewed-by: Jiawei Shao <jiawei.shao@intel.com>
> Commit-Queue: Jiawei Shao <jiawei.shao@intel.com>
TBR=cwallez@chromium.org,kainino@chromium.org,yunchao.he@intel.com,jiawei.shao@intel.com,shaobo.yan@intel.com,hao.x.li@intel.com,enga@chromium.org,jiajie.hu@intel.com
Bug: dawn:267, chromium:1063570
Change-Id: If762cbb206e738f4e54e75c88d506fdf3a44f280
Reviewed-on: https://dawn-review.googlesource.com/c/dawn/+/17461
Reviewed-by: Jiawei Shao <jiawei.shao@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Austin Eng <enga@chromium.org>
Commit-Queue: Jiawei Shao <jiawei.shao@intel.com>
Also removes a MaybeError from a function that can't return errors.
Bug: chromium:1063810
Change-Id: I9125b2b164a2892006442e26d6070d226fec8665
Reviewed-on: https://dawn-review.googlesource.com/c/dawn/+/17481
Reviewed-by: Ryan Harrison <rharrison@chromium.org>
Commit-Queue: Corentin Wallez <cwallez@chromium.org>
Also fixes a bug where we weren't validating duplicating
bindings in the shader, and where dynamic offset validation
could be incorrectly fetching the wrong bindings.
Bug: dawn:354
Change-Id: I93178c34eb4d43119e8b9de5738ae4596e9277cd
Reviewed-on: https://dawn-review.googlesource.com/c/dawn/+/17240
Reviewed-by: Corentin Wallez <cwallez@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Kai Ninomiya <kainino@chromium.org>
Commit-Queue: Austin Eng <enga@chromium.org>
This reverts commit 63f2666ee7.
Reason for revert: causes failures in dawn_unittests after Dawn uses SPVC by default. We need a fix in both SPVC and this CL before re-landing.
Original change's description:
> Check bind group layout with storage texture in pipeline descriptors
>
> This patch adds all the validations on the use of bind group layout with
> read-only storage texture and write-only storage texture in the creation
> of pipeline objects.
>
> 1. GPUBindGroupLayout.bindingType must match the type of the storage
> texture variable (read-only or write-only) in shader.
> 2. GPUBindGroupLayout.storageTextureFormat must be a valid texture
> format that supports STORAGE usage.
> 3. GPUBindGroupLayout.storageTextureFormat must match the storage
> texture format declaration in shader.
> 4. GPUBindGroupLayout.textureDimension must match the storage texture
> dimension declared in shader.
>
> BUG=dawn:267
> TEST=dawn_unittests
>
> Change-Id: Ifa3c2194dc76de14f790a0a73868e69bbb31c814
> Reviewed-on: https://dawn-review.googlesource.com/c/dawn/+/17167
> Commit-Queue: Jiawei Shao <jiawei.shao@intel.com>
> Reviewed-by: Kai Ninomiya <kainino@chromium.org>
TBR=cwallez@chromium.org,kainino@chromium.org,yunchao.he@intel.com,jiawei.shao@intel.com,shaobo.yan@intel.com,hao.x.li@intel.com,enga@chromium.org,jiajie.hu@intel.com
Change-Id: Idb4083b11f22fa7e4c5c8477bc4b65b58900746e
No-Presubmit: true
No-Tree-Checks: true
No-Try: true
Bug: dawn:267
Reviewed-on: https://dawn-review.googlesource.com/c/dawn/+/17380
Reviewed-by: Jiawei Shao <jiawei.shao@intel.com>
Commit-Queue: Jiawei Shao <jiawei.shao@intel.com>
This patch adds all the validations on the use of bind group layout with
read-only storage texture and write-only storage texture in the creation
of pipeline objects.
1. GPUBindGroupLayout.bindingType must match the type of the storage
texture variable (read-only or write-only) in shader.
2. GPUBindGroupLayout.storageTextureFormat must be a valid texture
format that supports STORAGE usage.
3. GPUBindGroupLayout.storageTextureFormat must match the storage
texture format declaration in shader.
4. GPUBindGroupLayout.textureDimension must match the storage texture
dimension declared in shader.
BUG=dawn:267
TEST=dawn_unittests
Change-Id: Ifa3c2194dc76de14f790a0a73868e69bbb31c814
Reviewed-on: https://dawn-review.googlesource.com/c/dawn/+/17167
Commit-Queue: Jiawei Shao <jiawei.shao@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Kai Ninomiya <kainino@chromium.org>
This adds parity for reflection features in the spvc-only code path up
to 421684f. Additionally changes will be needed to bring support to
parity up to HEAD.
BUG=dawn:337
Change-Id: I2143587c54018da766934fa60d80aedd1ccd151b
Reviewed-on: https://dawn-review.googlesource.com/c/dawn/+/17165
Reviewed-by: Corentin Wallez <cwallez@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Austin Eng <enga@chromium.org>
Commit-Queue: Ryan Harrison <rharrison@chromium.org>
The roll in Chromium is failing, because Dawn doesn't handle all of the new enum
values, but I cannot land the 'proper' fix in Dawn, because Chromium doesn't yet
know about the new enum values. Yay, cross dependencies.
So my solution is land the default case in Dawn, land the DEPS roll in Chromium,
then patch in the 'proper' cases in Dawn.
Roll third_party/shaderc/ a7657e4fa..95185d920 (2 commits)
a7657e4fa2..95185d920a
$ git log a7657e4fa..95185d920 --date=short --no-merges --format='%ad %ae %s'
2020-03-17 rharrison Rolling 4 dependencies (#1002)
2020-03-16 rharrison Add reflection support for storage textures (#1001)
Created with:
roll-dep third_party/shaderc
Change-Id: Id73b38643d9a6d418be9c75e218fdad7a18839bc
Reviewed-on: https://dawn-review.googlesource.com/c/dawn/+/17164
Reviewed-by: Corentin Wallez <cwallez@chromium.org>
Commit-Queue: Ryan Harrison <rharrison@chromium.org>
This patch adds the validation on the storage texture format declared in
shaders when we create a rendering or compute pipeline with read-only or
write-only storage textures.
This patch also fixes a typo in the TextureValidationTest.
BUG=dawn:267
TEST=dawn_unittests
Change-Id: Id302b4b7803d7e03b57c61de1290cc71ba940e2c
Reviewed-on: https://dawn-review.googlesource.com/c/dawn/+/16940
Commit-Queue: Jiawei Shao <jiawei.shao@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Kai Ninomiya <kainino@chromium.org>
This patch adds the basic validation of read-only storage texture,
write-only storage texture and read-write storage texture as new
binding types with no bind group layout provided in the creation of
pipeline state objects.
- Read-only storage textures can be used in vertex, fragment and
compute shaders.
- Write-only storage textures can only be used in compute shaders
due to the limitation on Metal.
- Read-write storage textures are not allowed now and they are
reserved to be supported as an extension in the future.
BUG=dawn:267
TEST=dawn_unittests
Change-Id: Iffc432f29a855b85d59451cb3c50269e03b84627
Reviewed-on: https://dawn-review.googlesource.com/c/dawn/+/16661
Commit-Queue: Jiawei Shao <jiawei.shao@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Corentin Wallez <cwallez@chromium.org>
This also changes the name to be consistent with the option being set
in the spvc API.
BUG=dawn:335
Change-Id: I6f7431095493874e1fef0856e563f7f1225cfc21
Reviewed-on: https://dawn-review.googlesource.com/c/dawn/+/15780
Commit-Queue: Ryan Harrison <rharrison@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Kai Ninomiya <kainino@chromium.org>
This patch makes the |layout| member of the Render|ComputePipelineDescriptor
optional. If it is not provided, a default layout is created from the
ShaderModules provided and used to replace the layout in the descriptor.
Then, pipeline.GetBindGroupLayout may be called to get the existing, or
the computed bind group layout. If no bind group layout exists at the
provided index, an empty bind group layout is returned.
Bug: dawn:276
Change-Id: I276ed0296a2f1f2d8131fa906a4aefe85d75b3a7
Reviewed-on: https://dawn-review.googlesource.com/c/dawn/+/13741
Commit-Queue: Austin Eng <enga@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Corentin Wallez <cwallez@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Jiawei Shao <jiawei.shao@intel.com>
The TextureComponentType and TextureViewDimension of resources in
the shader must match those in the bind group layout.
This patch also extracts the texture view dimension from the SPIRV.
Bug: dawn:202
Change-Id: Ie155f17109f4f1b5d9b386d757062ae5ffe5da67
Reviewed-on: https://dawn-review.googlesource.com/c/dawn/+/13861
Reviewed-by: Corentin Wallez <cwallez@chromium.org>
Commit-Queue: Austin Eng <enga@chromium.org>
This patch adds validation code for shader side for readonly storage
buffer. It also adds unit tests for validation.
BUG=dawn:180
Change-Id: Ib5789381d41d77867dd6e6aa1f1ccbc8fa43a382
Reviewed-on: https://dawn-review.googlesource.com/c/dawn/+/12941
Reviewed-by: Corentin Wallez <cwallez@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Austin Eng <enga@chromium.org>
Commit-Queue: Yunchao He <yunchao.he@intel.com>
We have already been validating the component type of a texture matches
the bind group layout. Here is another constraint introduced by
https://github.com/gpuweb/gpuweb/pull/384. For better code reuse,
conversion from wgpu::TextureComponentType to dawn_native::Format::Type
is factored out as a helper function.
Bug: dawn:202
Change-Id: I394497722b4043dc109eca60116224b7a617e02e
Reviewed-on: https://dawn-review.googlesource.com/c/dawn/+/12860
Commit-Queue: Corentin Wallez <cwallez@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Corentin Wallez <cwallez@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Kai Ninomiya <kainino@chromium.org>
This fixes bugs where we try to uncache objects that fail creation.
Bug: dawn:249
Change-Id: Ic60b3ce702dfdda18baa6d263911885a43d3cda7
Reviewed-on: https://dawn-review.googlesource.com/c/dawn/+/12820
Reviewed-by: Kai Ninomiya <kainino@chromium.org>
Commit-Queue: Austin Eng <enga@chromium.org>
This patch adds the validation on the compatibility between the format
of the color states and the fragment shader output when we create a
render pipeline state object as is required in Vulkan (Vulkan SPEC
Chapter 14.3 "Fragment Output Interface"):
"if the type of the values written by the fragment shader do not match
the format of the corresponding color attachment, the resulting values
are undefined for those components".
BUG=dawn:202
TEST=dawn_unittests
Change-Id: I3a72baa11999bd07c69050c42b094720ef4708b2
Reviewed-on: https://dawn-review.googlesource.com/c/dawn/+/11461
Reviewed-by: Kai Ninomiya <kainino@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Corentin Wallez <cwallez@chromium.org>
Commit-Queue: Jiawei Shao <jiawei.shao@intel.com>
This patch adds the validation on the fragment shader output location to
ensure it will never exceed kMaxColorAttachments.
BUG=dawn:202
TEST=dawn_unittests
Change-Id: I4ac4463fd3dfb3c2e9ffecb370f9d9d59393c26d
Reviewed-on: https://dawn-review.googlesource.com/c/dawn/+/11580
Commit-Queue: Jiawei Shao <jiawei.shao@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Austin Eng <enga@chromium.org>
Everyone using spirv-cross includes its headers via <spirv_msl.hpp> for
example. Make Dawn match that convention so it can play better with the
setup used by other projects.
Still leave <spirv-cross/spirv_msl.hpp> working for now because it is
used by shaderc_spvc. A follow up CL to that repo will do the same
change.
BUG=
Change-Id: I9dc590a809d7ba733113b07930a285acfca64a66
Reviewed-on: https://dawn-review.googlesource.com/c/dawn/+/10801
Reviewed-by: Ryan Harrison <rharrison@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Austin Eng <enga@chromium.org>
Commit-Queue: Corentin Wallez <cwallez@chromium.org>
This same callback will be used for push/pop error scope.
Bug: dawn:153
Change-Id: I2771539e13f8a4e6a59f13c8082689d25ba44905
Reviewed-on: https://dawn-review.googlesource.com/c/dawn/+/10460
Commit-Queue: Austin Eng <enga@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Kai Ninomiya <kainino@chromium.org>
This is to follow changes to WebGPU's IDL and header file where the Bit
suffix disappeared. This caused a conflict with
utils/dawn_native::ShaderStage that were both renamed to
SingleShaderStage.
BUG-dawn: 22
Change-Id: I7b085686775fa19e4b4a3b54979903d72f3ef660
Reviewed-on: https://dawn-review.googlesource.com/c/dawn/+/10462
Commit-Queue: Corentin Wallez <cwallez@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Austin Eng <enga@chromium.org>
Instead it is replaced by one enum in dawn_native and another in utils.
BUG=dawn:22
Change-Id: I094a40c8d4e22b704e59aea60cbefd1f05c5352a
Reviewed-on: https://dawn-review.googlesource.com/c/dawn/+/8800
Commit-Queue: Kai Ninomiya <kainino@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Austin Eng <enga@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Kai Ninomiya <kainino@chromium.org>
WebGPU remove dynamic-uniform-buffer and dynamic-storage-buffer but add a new attribute in
BindgroupLayoutBinding to record whether a buffer resource is dynamic.
Dawn need to align with this change.
BUG=dawn:180
Change-Id: I873ad2ec75575e72d184f89a6e3698dff6df50d7
Reviewed-on: https://dawn-review.googlesource.com/c/dawn/+/8520
Commit-Queue: Corentin Wallez <cwallez@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Corentin Wallez <cwallez@chromium.org>