Reimplement CSkinRules/CSkinnedModel; skinning kinda works!

Runtime/Character/CAnimData.cpp

@@ -455,7 +455,7 @@ zeus::CTransform CAnimData::GetLocatorTransform(CSegId id, const CCharAnimTime*
   if (!x220_30_poseBuilt) {
     x2fc_poseBuilder.BuildTransform(id, ret);
   } else {
-    ret.setRotation(x224_pose.GetTransformMinusOffset(id));
+    ret.setRotation(x224_pose.GetRotation(id));
     ret.origin = x224_pose.GetOffset(id);
   }
   return ret;
@@ -544,13 +544,13 @@ void CAnimData::RecalcPoseBuilder(const CCharAnimTime* time) {
 void CAnimData::RenderAuxiliary(const zeus::CFrustum& frustum) const { x120_particleDB.AddToRendererClipped(frustum); }
 
 void CAnimData::Render(CSkinnedModel& model, const CModelFlags& drawFlags,
-                       const std::optional<CVertexMorphEffect>& morphEffect, const float* morphMagnitudes) {
+                       const std::optional<CVertexMorphEffect>& morphEffect, TVectorRef morphMagnitudes) {
   SetupRender(model, morphEffect, morphMagnitudes);
   DrawSkinnedModel(model, drawFlags);
 }
 
 void CAnimData::SetupRender(CSkinnedModel& model, const std::optional<CVertexMorphEffect>& morphEffect,
-                            const float* morphMagnitudes) {
+                            TVectorRef morphMagnitudes) {
   OPTICK_EVENT();
   if (!x220_30_poseBuilt) {
     x2fc_poseBuilder.BuildNoScale(x224_pose);
@@ -560,7 +560,7 @@ void CAnimData::SetupRender(CSkinnedModel& model, const std::optional<CVertexMor
 }
 
 void CAnimData::DrawSkinnedModel(CSkinnedModel& model, const CModelFlags& flags) {
-  // TODO: some GX light stuff?
+  aurora::gfx::set_chan_mat_src(GX::COLOR0A0, GX::SRC_REG);
   model.Draw(flags);
 }
 
@@ -806,8 +806,8 @@ void CAnimData::SetInfraModel(const TLockedToken<CModel>& model, const TLockedTo
 }
 
 void CAnimData::PoseSkinnedModel(CSkinnedModel& model, const CPoseAsTransforms& pose,
-                                 const std::optional<CVertexMorphEffect>& morphEffect, const float* morphMagnitudes) {
+                                 const std::optional<CVertexMorphEffect>& morphEffect, TVectorRef morphMagnitudes) {
-  model.Calculate(pose, morphEffect, morphMagnitudes);
+  model.Calculate(pose, morphEffect, morphMagnitudes, nullptr);
 }
 
 void CAnimData::AdvanceParticles(const zeus::CTransform& xf, float dt, const zeus::CVector3f& vec,

Runtime/Character/CAnimData.hpp

@@ -195,9 +195,9 @@ public:
   void RecalcPoseBuilder(const CCharAnimTime* time);
   void RenderAuxiliary(const zeus::CFrustum& frustum) const;
   void Render(CSkinnedModel& model, const CModelFlags& drawFlags, const std::optional<CVertexMorphEffect>& morphEffect,
-              const float* morphMagnitudes);
+              TVectorRef morphMagnitudes);
   void SetupRender(CSkinnedModel& model, const std::optional<CVertexMorphEffect>& morphEffect,
-                   const float* morphMagnitudes);
+                   TVectorRef morphMagnitudes);
   static void DrawSkinnedModel(CSkinnedModel& model, const CModelFlags& flags);
   void PreRender();
   void BuildPose();
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ public:
   const TLockedToken<CSkinnedModel>& GetModelData() const { return xd8_modelData; }
 
   static void PoseSkinnedModel(CSkinnedModel& model, const CPoseAsTransforms& pose,
-                               const std::optional<CVertexMorphEffect>& morphEffect, const float* morphMagnitudes);
+                               const std::optional<CVertexMorphEffect>& morphEffect, TVectorRef morphMagnitudes);
   void AdvanceParticles(const zeus::CTransform& xf, float dt, const zeus::CVector3f&, CStateManager& stateMgr);
   float GetAverageVelocity(int animIn) const;
   void ResetPOILists();

Runtime/Character/CCharacterFactory.cpp

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ CFactoryFnReturn CCharacterFactory::CDummyFactory::Build(const SObjectTag& tag,
 
   const CCharacterInfo& charInfo = *params.GetOwnedObj<const CCharacterInfo*>();
 
-  switch (tag.type.toUint32() & 0x1) {
+  switch (tag.type.toUint32()) {
   case 0:
     return TToken<CSkinnedModel>::GetIObjObjectFor(std::make_unique<CSkinnedModel>(
         *g_SimplePool, charInfo.GetModelId(), charInfo.GetSkinRulesId(), charInfo.GetCharLayoutInfoId()));

Runtime/Character/CHierarchyPoseBuilder.cpp

@@ -33,17 +33,10 @@ void CHierarchyPoseBuilder::RecursivelyBuildNoScale(const CSegId& boneId, const
                                                     CPoseAsTransforms& pose, const zeus::CQuaternion& parentRot,
                                                     const zeus::CMatrix3f& parentXf,
                                                     const zeus::CVector3f& parentOffset) const {
-  zeus::CVector3f bindOffset;
-  if (x0_layoutDesc.GetScaledLayoutDescription()) {
-    const CLayoutDescription::CScaledLayoutDescription& desc = *x0_layoutDesc.GetScaledLayoutDescription();
-    bindOffset = desc.ScaledLayout()->GetFromRootUnrotated(boneId);
-  } else
-    bindOffset = x0_layoutDesc.GetCharLayoutInfo()->GetFromRootUnrotated(boneId);
-
   zeus::CQuaternion quat = parentRot * node.x4_rotation;
   zeus::CMatrix3f xf = quat;
   zeus::CVector3f xfOffset = parentXf * node.x14_offset + parentOffset;
-  pose.Insert(boneId, quat, xfOffset, bindOffset);
+  pose.Insert(boneId, quat, xfOffset);
 
   CSegId curBone = node.x0_child;
   while (curBone != 0) {
@@ -59,29 +52,25 @@ void CHierarchyPoseBuilder::RecursivelyBuild(const CSegId& boneId, const CTreeNo
   zeus::CQuaternion quat = parentRot * node.x4_rotation;
 
   float scale;
-  zeus::CVector3f bindOffset;
   if (x0_layoutDesc.GetScaledLayoutDescription()) {
-    const CLayoutDescription::CScaledLayoutDescription& desc = *x0_layoutDesc.GetScaledLayoutDescription();
+    scale = x0_layoutDesc.GetScaledLayoutDescription()->GlobalScale();
-    scale = desc.GlobalScale();
-    bindOffset = desc.ScaledLayout()->GetFromRootUnrotated(boneId);
   } else {
     scale = 1.f;
-    bindOffset = x0_layoutDesc.GetCharLayoutInfo()->GetFromRootUnrotated(boneId);
   }
 
-  zeus::CMatrix3f mtxXf;
+  zeus::CMatrix3f rotation;
   if (scale == 1.f)
-    mtxXf = quat;
+    rotation = quat;
   else
-    mtxXf = parentXf * zeus::CMatrix3f(scale);
+    rotation = parentXf * (zeus::CMatrix3f{node.x4_rotation} * zeus::CMatrix3f{scale});
 
-  zeus::CVector3f xfOffset = parentXf * node.x14_offset + parentOffset;
+  zeus::CVector3f offset = parentOffset + (parentXf * node.x14_offset);
-  pose.Insert(boneId, mtxXf, xfOffset, bindOffset);
+  pose.Insert(boneId, rotation, offset);
 
   CSegId curBone = node.x0_child;
   while (curBone != 0) {
     const CTreeNode& node = x38_treeMap[curBone];
-    RecursivelyBuild(curBone, node, pose, quat, quat, xfOffset);
+    RecursivelyBuild(curBone, node, pose, quat, quat, offset);
     curBone = node.x1_sibling;
   }
 }

Runtime/Character/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ set(CHARACTER_SOURCES
         CTransitionDatabaseGame.hpp CTransitionDatabaseGame.cpp
         CHierarchyPoseBuilder.hpp CHierarchyPoseBuilder.cpp
         CPoseAsTransforms.hpp CPoseAsTransforms.cpp
-        CSkinBank.hpp CSkinBank.cpp
         CCharLayoutInfo.hpp CCharLayoutInfo.cpp
         CLayoutDescription.hpp
         CSegIdList.hpp CSegIdList.cpp

Runtime/Character/CParticleDatabase.cpp

@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ void CParticleDatabase::UpdateParticleGenDB(float dt, const CPoseAsTransforms& p
         switch (info.GetParentedMode()) {
         case CParticleData::EParentedMode::Initial: {
           if (info.GetIsGrabInitialData()) {
-            zeus::CTransform segXf((info.GetFlags() & 0x10) ? zeus::CMatrix3f() : pose.GetTransformMinusOffset(segId),
+            zeus::CTransform segXf((info.GetFlags() & 0x10) ? zeus::CMatrix3f() : pose.GetRotation(segId),
                                    off * scale);
             zeus::CTransform compXf = xf * segXf;
             info.SetCurTransform(compXf.getRotation());
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ void CParticleDatabase::UpdateParticleGenDB(float dt, const CPoseAsTransforms& p
             info.SetIsGrabInitialData(false);
           }
 
-          zeus::CTransform segXf(pose.GetTransformMinusOffset(segId), off * scale);
+          zeus::CTransform segXf(pose.GetRotation(segId), off * scale);
           zeus::CTransform compXf = xf * segXf;
 
           if (info.GetParentedMode() == CParticleData::EParentedMode::ContinuousEmitter) {

Runtime/Character/CPoseAsTransforms.cpp

@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@
 
 namespace metaforce {
 
-CPoseAsTransforms::CPoseAsTransforms(u8 boneCount) : x1_count(boneCount), xd0_transformArr(new Transform[boneCount]) {}
+CPoseAsTransforms::CPoseAsTransforms(u8 boneCount)
+: x1_count(boneCount), xd0_transformArr(std::make_unique<zeus::CTransform[]>(boneCount)) {}
 
 bool CPoseAsTransforms::ContainsDataFor(const CSegId& id) const {
   const std::pair<CSegId, CSegId>& link = x8_links[id];
@@ -24,32 +25,23 @@ void CPoseAsTransforms::AccumulateScaledTransform(const CSegId& id, zeus::CMatri
 const zeus::CTransform& CPoseAsTransforms::GetTransform(const CSegId& id) const {
   const std::pair<CSegId, CSegId>& link = x8_links[id];
   assert(link.second.IsValid());
-  return xd0_transformArr[link.second].m_originToAccum;
+  return xd0_transformArr[link.second];
-}
-
-const zeus::CTransform& CPoseAsTransforms::GetRestToAccumTransform(const CSegId& id) const {
-  const std::pair<CSegId, CSegId>& link = x8_links[id];
-  assert(link.second.IsValid());
-  return xd0_transformArr[link.second].m_restPoseToAccum;
 }
 
 const zeus::CVector3f& CPoseAsTransforms::GetOffset(const CSegId& id) const {
   const std::pair<CSegId, CSegId>& link = x8_links[id];
   assert(link.second.IsValid());
-  return xd0_transformArr[link.second].m_originToAccum.origin;
+  return xd0_transformArr[link.second].origin;
 }
 
 const zeus::CMatrix3f& CPoseAsTransforms::GetRotation(const CSegId& id) const {
   const std::pair<CSegId, CSegId>& link = x8_links[id];
   assert(link.second.IsValid());
-  return xd0_transformArr[link.second].m_originToAccum.basis;
+  return xd0_transformArr[link.second].basis;
 }
 
-void CPoseAsTransforms::Insert(const CSegId& id, const zeus::CMatrix3f& rotation, const zeus::CVector3f& offset,
+void CPoseAsTransforms::Insert(const CSegId& id, const zeus::CMatrix3f& rotation, const zeus::CVector3f& offset) {
-                               const zeus::CVector3f& restOffset) {
+  xd0_transformArr[x0_nextId] = zeus::CTransform(rotation, offset);
-  Transform& xfOut = xd0_transformArr[x0_nextId];
-  xfOut.m_originToAccum = zeus::CTransform(rotation, offset);
-  xfOut.m_restPoseToAccum = xfOut.m_originToAccum * zeus::CTransform::Translate(-restOffset);
 
   std::pair<CSegId, CSegId>& link = x8_links[id];
   link.first = xd4_lastInserted;
@@ -58,4 +50,10 @@ void CPoseAsTransforms::Insert(const CSegId& id, const zeus::CMatrix3f& rotation
   ++x0_nextId;
 }
 
+CSegId CPoseAsTransforms::GetParent(const CSegId& id) const {
+  const std::pair<CSegId, CSegId>& link = x8_links[id];
+  assert(link.first.IsValid());
+  return link.first;
+}
+
 } // namespace metaforce

Runtime/Character/CPoseAsTransforms.hpp

@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@
 #include <memory>
 #include <utility>
 
-#include "Runtime/RetroTypes.hpp"
 #include "Runtime/Character/CCharLayoutInfo.hpp"
 #include "Runtime/Character/CSegId.hpp"
+#include "Runtime/RetroTypes.hpp"
 
 #include <zeus/CMatrix3f.hpp>
 #include <zeus/CTransform.hpp>
@@ -16,31 +16,26 @@ namespace metaforce {
 class CPoseAsTransforms {
   friend class CAnimData;
 
-public:
-  struct Transform {
-    zeus::CTransform m_originToAccum;
-    zeus::CTransform m_restPoseToAccum;
-  };
-
 private:
   CSegId x0_nextId = 0;
   CSegId x1_count;
   std::array<std::pair<CSegId, CSegId>, 100> x8_links;
-  std::unique_ptr<Transform[]> xd0_transformArr;
+  std::unique_ptr<zeus::CTransform[]> xd0_transformArr;
   CSegId xd4_lastInserted = 0;
 
 public:
   explicit CPoseAsTransforms(u8 boneCount);
-  bool ContainsDataFor(const CSegId& id) const;
+
   void Clear();
   void AccumulateScaledTransform(const CSegId& id, zeus::CMatrix3f& rotation, float scale) const;
-  const zeus::CTransform& GetTransform(const CSegId& id) const;
+  void Insert(const CSegId& id, const zeus::CMatrix3f& rotation, const zeus::CVector3f& offset);
-  const zeus::CTransform& GetRestToAccumTransform(const CSegId& id) const;
+
-  const zeus::CVector3f& GetOffset(const CSegId& id) const;
+  [[nodiscard]] bool ContainsDataFor(const CSegId& id) const;
-  const zeus::CMatrix3f& GetRotation(const CSegId& id) const;
+  [[nodiscard]] const zeus::CTransform& GetTransform(const CSegId& id) const;
-  const zeus::CMatrix3f& GetTransformMinusOffset(const CSegId& id) const { return GetRotation(id); }
+  [[nodiscard]] const zeus::CVector3f& GetOffset(const CSegId& id) const;
-  void Insert(const CSegId& id, const zeus::CMatrix3f& rotation, const zeus::CVector3f& offset,
+  [[nodiscard]] const zeus::CMatrix3f& GetRotation(const CSegId& id) const;
-              const zeus::CVector3f& restOffset);
+  [[nodiscard]] CSegId GetLastInserted() const { return xd4_lastInserted; }
+  [[nodiscard]] CSegId GetParent(const CSegId& id) const;
 };
 
 } // namespace metaforce

Runtime/Character/CSkinBank.cpp

@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-#include "Runtime/Character/CSkinBank.hpp"
-
-#include "Runtime/Character/CPoseAsTransforms.hpp"
-
-namespace metaforce {
-
-CSkinBank::CSkinBank(CInputStream& in) {
-  u32 boneCount = in.ReadLong();
-  x0_segments.reserve(boneCount);
-  for (u32 i = 0; i < boneCount; ++i)
-    x0_segments.emplace_back(in);
-}
-
-void CSkinBank::GetBankTransforms(std::vector<const zeus::CTransform*>& out, const CPoseAsTransforms& pose) const {
-  for (CSegId id : x0_segments) {
-    const zeus::CTransform& xf = pose.GetRestToAccumTransform(id);
-    out.push_back(&xf);
-  }
-}
-
-} // namespace metaforce

Runtime/Character/CSkinBank.hpp

@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include <vector>
-
-#include "Runtime/Streams/IOStreams.hpp"
-#include "Runtime/Character/CSegId.hpp"
-
-namespace metaforce {
-class CPoseAsTransforms;
-
-class CSkinBank {
-  std::vector<CSegId> x0_segments;
-
-public:
-  explicit CSkinBank(CInputStream& in);
-  void GetBankTransforms(std::vector<const zeus::CTransform*>& out, const CPoseAsTransforms& pose) const;
-};
-
-} // namespace metaforce

Runtime/Character/CSkinRules.cpp

@@ -31,31 +31,47 @@ CSkinRules::CSkinRules(CInputStream& in) {
   x14_normalCount = ReadCount(in);
 }
 
-// void CSkinRules::TransformVerticesCPU(std::vector<std::pair<zeus::CVector3f, zeus::CVector3f>>& vnOut,
+void CSkinRules::BuildAccumulatedTransforms(const CPoseAsTransforms& pose, const CCharLayoutInfo& info) {
-//                                       const CPoseAsTransforms& pose, const CModel& model) const {
+  std::array<zeus::CVector3f, 100> points;
-//   OPTICK_EVENT();
+  CSegId segId = pose.GetLastInserted();
-//   vnOut.resize(m_poolToSkinIdx.size());
+  while (segId != 0) {
-//   for (size_t i = 0; i < m_poolToSkinIdx.size(); ++i) {
+    zeus::CVector3f origin;
-//     const CVirtualBone& vb = m_virtualBones[m_poolToSkinIdx[i]];
+    if (segId != 3) { // root ID
-//     zeus::CVector3f origVertex = model.GetPoolVertex(i);
+      origin = info.GetFromRootUnrotated(segId);
-//     zeus::CVector3f vertex;
+    }
-//     zeus::CVector3f origNormal = model.GetPoolNormal(i);
+    const auto rotatedOrigin = pose.GetRotation(segId) * origin;
-//     zeus::CVector3f normal;
+    points[segId] = pose.GetOffset(segId) - rotatedOrigin;
-//     for (const SSkinWeighting& w : vb.GetWeights()) {
+    segId = pose.GetParent(segId);
-//       const zeus::CTransform& xf = pose.GetRestToAccumTransform(w.m_id);
+  }
-//       vertex += (xf * origVertex) * w.m_weight;
+  for (auto& bone : x0_bones) {
-//       normal += (xf.basis.inverted().transposed() * origNormal) * w.m_weight;
+    bone.BuildAccumulatedTransform(pose, points.data());
-//     }
+  }
-//     vnOut[i] = std::make_pair(vertex, normal.normalized());
+}
-//   }
+
-// }
+void CSkinRules::BuildPoints(TConstVectorRef positions, TVectorRef out) {
+  size_t offset = 0;
+  for (auto& bone : x0_bones) {
+    u32 vertexCount = bone.GetVertexCount();
+    bone.BuildPoints(positions->data() + offset, out, vertexCount);
+    offset += vertexCount;
+  }
+}
+
+void CSkinRules::BuildNormals(TConstVectorRef normals, TVectorRef out) {
+  size_t offset = 0;
+  for (auto& bone : x0_bones) {
+    u32 vertexCount = bone.GetVertexCount();
+    bone.BuildNormals(normals->data() + offset, out, vertexCount);
+    offset += vertexCount;
+  }
+}
 
 CFactoryFnReturn FSkinRulesFactory(const SObjectTag& tag, CInputStream& in, const CVParamTransfer& params,
                                    CObjectReference* selfRef) {
   return TToken<CSkinRules>::GetIObjObjectFor(std::make_unique<CSkinRules>(in));
 }
 
-auto StreamInSkinWeighting(CInputStream& in) {
+static inline auto StreamInSkinWeighting(CInputStream& in) {
   rstl::reserved_vector<SSkinWeighting, 3> weights;
   u32 weightCount = in.ReadLong();
   for (int i = 0; i < std::min(3u, weightCount); ++i) {
@@ -67,6 +83,58 @@ auto StreamInSkinWeighting(CInputStream& in) {
   return weights;
 }
 
-CVirtualBone::CVirtualBone(CInputStream& in)
+CVirtualBone::CVirtualBone(CInputStream& in) : x0_weights(StreamInSkinWeighting(in)), x1c_vertexCount(in.ReadLong()) {}
-: x0_weights(StreamInSkinWeighting(in)), x1c_vertexCount(in.ReadLong()) {}
+
+void CVirtualBone::BuildPoints(const zeus::CVector3f* in, TVectorRef out, u32 count) const {
+  for (u32 i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+    out->emplace_back(x20_xf * in[i]);
+  }
+}
+
+void CVirtualBone::BuildNormals(const zeus::CVector3f* in, TVectorRef out, u32 count) const {
+  for (u32 i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+    out->emplace_back(x50_rotation * in[i]);
+  }
+}
+
+void CVirtualBone::BuildAccumulatedTransform(const CPoseAsTransforms& pose, const zeus::CVector3f* points) {
+  BuildFinalPosMatrix(pose, points);
+  x50_rotation = pose.GetRotation(x0_weights[0].x0_id);
+}
+
+static constexpr zeus::CMatrix3f WeightedMatrix(const zeus::CMatrix3f& m1, float w1, const zeus::CMatrix3f& m2, float w2) {
+  return {
+      m1[0] * w1 + m2[0] * w2,
+      m1[1] * w1 + m2[1] * w2,
+      m1[2] * w1 + m2[2] * w2,
+  };
+}
+
+static constexpr zeus::CVector3f WeightedVector(const zeus::CVector3f& v1, float w1, const zeus::CVector3f& v2, float w2) {
+  return v1 * w1 + v2 * w2;
+}
+
+void CVirtualBone::BuildFinalPosMatrix(const CPoseAsTransforms& pose, const zeus::CVector3f* points) {
+  if (x0_weights.size() == 1) {
+    const auto id = x0_weights[0].x0_id;
+    x20_xf = {pose.GetRotation(id), points[id]};
+  } else if (x0_weights.size() == 2) {
+    const auto w0 = x0_weights[0];
+    const auto w1 = x0_weights[1];
+    x20_xf = {
+        WeightedMatrix(pose.GetRotation(w0.x0_id), w0.x4_weight, pose.GetRotation(w1.x0_id), w1.x4_weight),
+        WeightedVector(points[w0.x0_id], w0.x4_weight, points[w1.x0_id], w1.x4_weight),
+    };
+  } else if (x0_weights.size() == 3) {
+    const auto w0 = x0_weights[0];
+    const auto w1 = x0_weights[1];
+    const auto w2 = x0_weights[2];
+    auto rot = WeightedMatrix(pose.GetRotation(w0.x0_id), w0.x4_weight, pose.GetRotation(w1.x0_id), w1.x4_weight);
+    auto pos = WeightedVector(points[w0.x0_id], w0.x4_weight, points[w1.x0_id], w1.x4_weight);
+    pose.AccumulateScaledTransform(w2.x0_id, rot, w2.x4_weight);
+    x20_xf = {rot, pos + points[w2.x0_id] * w2.x4_weight};
+  } else {
+    x20_xf = {};
+  }
+}
 } // namespace metaforce

Runtime/Character/CSkinRules.hpp

@@ -3,12 +3,14 @@
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "Runtime/CFactoryMgr.hpp"
-#include "Runtime/Character/CSkinBank.hpp"
+#include "Runtime/Character/CSegId.hpp"
+#include "Runtime/Graphics/CCubeModel.hpp"
 #include "Runtime/RetroTypes.hpp"
 
 #include <zeus/CVector3f.hpp>
 
 namespace metaforce {
+class CCharLayoutInfo;
 class CPoseAsTransforms;
 class CModel;
 
@@ -24,12 +26,20 @@ class CVirtualBone {
   rstl::reserved_vector<SSkinWeighting, 3> x0_weights;
   u32 x1c_vertexCount;
   zeus::CTransform x20_xf;
-  zeus::CMatrix3f x50_mtx;
+  zeus::CMatrix3f x50_rotation;
 
 public:
   explicit CVirtualBone(CInputStream& in);
 
-  [[nodiscard]] const rstl::reserved_vector<SSkinWeighting, 3>& GetWeights() const { return x0_weights; }
+  void BuildPoints(const zeus::CVector3f* in, TVectorRef out, u32 count) const;
+  void BuildNormals(const zeus::CVector3f* in, TVectorRef out, u32 count) const;
+  void BuildAccumulatedTransform(const CPoseAsTransforms& pose, const zeus::CVector3f* points);
+
+  [[nodiscard]] const auto& GetWeights() const { return x0_weights; }
+  [[nodiscard]] u32 GetVertexCount() const { return x1c_vertexCount; }
+
+private:
+  void BuildFinalPosMatrix(const CPoseAsTransforms& pose, const zeus::CVector3f* points);
 };
 
 class CSkinRules {
@@ -42,17 +52,12 @@ class CSkinRules {
 public:
   explicit CSkinRules(CInputStream& in);
 
-  //  void GetBankTransforms(std::vector<const zeus::CTransform*>& out, const CPoseAsTransforms& pose,
+  void BuildPoints(TConstVectorRef positions, TVectorRef out);
-  //                         int skinBankIdx) const {
+  void BuildNormals(TConstVectorRef normals, TVectorRef out);
-  //    // FIXME: This is definitely not proper behavior, this is here to fix the phazon suit crashing
+  void BuildAccumulatedTransforms(const CPoseAsTransforms& pose, const CCharLayoutInfo& info);
-  //    if (x0_skinBanks.size() <= skinBankIdx) {
-  //      return;
-  //    }
-  //    x0_skinBanks[skinBankIdx].GetBankTransforms(out, pose);
-  //  }
 
-  //  void TransformVerticesCPU(std::vector<std::pair<zeus::CVector3f, zeus::CVector3f>>& vnOut,
+  [[nodiscard]] u32 GetVertexCount() const { return x10_vertexCount; }
-  //                            const CPoseAsTransforms& pose, const CModel& model) const;
+  [[nodiscard]] u32 GetNormalCount() const { return x14_normalCount; }
 };
 
 CFactoryFnReturn FSkinRulesFactory(const SObjectTag& tag, CInputStream& in, const CVParamTransfer& params,

Runtime/Graphics/CCubeModel.cpp

@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ void CCubeModel::Draw(const CModelFlags& flags) {
   DrawSurfaces(flags);
 }
 
-void CCubeModel::Draw(TVectorRef positions, TVectorRef normals, const CModelFlags& flags) {
+void CCubeModel::Draw(TConstVectorRef positions, TConstVectorRef normals, const CModelFlags& flags) {
   CCubeMaterial::KillCachedViewDepState();
   SetSkinningArraysCurrent(positions, normals);
   DrawSurfaces(flags);
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ void CCubeModel::DrawAlphaSurfaces(const CModelFlags& flags) {
   }
 }
 
-void CCubeModel::DrawFlat(TVectorRef positions, TVectorRef normals, ESurfaceSelection surfaces) {
+void CCubeModel::DrawFlat(TConstVectorRef positions, TConstVectorRef normals, ESurfaceSelection surfaces) {
   if (positions == nullptr) {
     SetArraysCurrent();
   } else {
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ void CCubeModel::DrawFlat(TVectorRef positions, TVectorRef normals, ESurfaceSele
   }
 }
 
-void CCubeModel::DrawNormal(TVectorRef positions, TVectorRef normals, ESurfaceSelection surfaces) {
+void CCubeModel::DrawNormal(TConstVectorRef positions, TConstVectorRef normals, ESurfaceSelection surfaces) {
   CGraphics::SetDepthWriteMode(true, ERglEnum::LEqual, true);
   CGraphics::SetTevOp(ERglTevStage::Stage0, CTevCombiners::skPassZero);
   CGraphics::SetTevOp(ERglTevStage::Stage1, CTevCombiners::skPassThru);
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ void CCubeModel::SetRenderModelBlack(bool v) {
   // TODO another value is set here, but always 0?
 }
 
-void CCubeModel::SetSkinningArraysCurrent(TVectorRef positions, TVectorRef normals) {
+void CCubeModel::SetSkinningArraysCurrent(TConstVectorRef positions, TConstVectorRef normals) {
   aurora::gfx::model::set_vertex_buffer(positions);
   aurora::gfx::model::set_normal_buffer(normals);
   // colors unused

Runtime/Graphics/CCubeModel.hpp

@@ -21,7 +21,8 @@ enum class ESurfaceSelection {
 };
 
 // These parameters were originally float*
-using TVectorRef = const std::vector<zeus::CVector3f>*;
+using TVectorRef = std::vector<zeus::CVector3f>*;
+using TConstVectorRef = const std::vector<zeus::CVector3f>*;
 
 class CCubeModel {
   friend class CModel;
@@ -55,8 +56,10 @@ private:
     [[nodiscard]] std::vector<CCubeSurface>* Surfaces() const { return x0_surfacePtrs; }
     [[nodiscard]] u8* GetMaterialPointer() const { return x4_materialData; }
     void SetMaterialPointer(u8* mat) { x4_materialData = mat; }
-    [[nodiscard]] TVectorRef GetVertexPointer() const { return x8_positions; }
+    [[nodiscard]] TVectorRef GetVertexPointer() { return x8_positions; }
-    [[nodiscard]] TVectorRef GetNormalPointer() const { return xc_normals; }
+    [[nodiscard]] TConstVectorRef GetVertexPointer() const { return x8_positions; }
+    [[nodiscard]] TVectorRef GetNormalPointer() { return xc_normals; }
+    [[nodiscard]] TConstVectorRef GetNormalPointer() const { return xc_normals; }
     [[nodiscard]] std::vector<zeus::CColor>* GetColorPointer() const { return x10_colors; }
     [[nodiscard]] std::vector<aurora::Vec2<float>>* GetTCPointer() const { return x14_texCoords; }
     [[nodiscard]] std::vector<aurora::Vec2<float>>* GetPackedTCPointer() const { return x18_packedTexCoords; }
@@ -84,8 +87,8 @@ public:
   void RemapMaterialData(u8* data, std::vector<TCachedToken<CTexture>>& textures);
   void Draw(const CModelFlags& flags);
   void DrawAlpha(const CModelFlags& flags);
-  void DrawFlat(TVectorRef positions, TVectorRef normals, ESurfaceSelection surfaces);
+  void DrawFlat(TConstVectorRef positions, TConstVectorRef normals, ESurfaceSelection surfaces);
-  void DrawNormal(TVectorRef positions, TVectorRef normals, ESurfaceSelection surfaces);
+  void DrawNormal(TConstVectorRef positions, TConstVectorRef normals, ESurfaceSelection surfaces);
   void DrawNormal(const CModelFlags& flags);
   void DrawSurface(const CCubeSurface& surface, const CModelFlags& flags);
   void DrawSurfaceWireframe(const CCubeSurface& surface);
@@ -101,8 +104,10 @@ public:
   [[nodiscard]] CCubeSurface* GetFirstSortedSurface() { return x3c_firstSortedSurf; }
   [[nodiscard]] const CCubeSurface* GetFirstSortedSurface() const { return x3c_firstSortedSurf; }
 
-  [[nodiscard]] TVectorRef GetPositions() const { return x0_modelInstance.GetVertexPointer(); }
+  [[nodiscard]] TVectorRef GetPositions() { return x0_modelInstance.GetVertexPointer(); }
-  [[nodiscard]] TVectorRef GetNormals() const { return x0_modelInstance.GetNormalPointer(); }
+  [[nodiscard]] TConstVectorRef GetPositions() const { return x0_modelInstance.GetVertexPointer(); }
+  [[nodiscard]] TVectorRef GetNormals() { return x0_modelInstance.GetNormalPointer(); }
+  [[nodiscard]] TConstVectorRef GetNormals() const { return x0_modelInstance.GetNormalPointer(); }
   [[nodiscard]] TCachedToken<CTexture>& GetTexture(u32 idx) const { return x1c_textures->at(idx); }
 
   static void EnableShadowMaps(const CTexture& shadowTex, const zeus::CTransform& textureProjXf, u8 chan0DisableMask,
@@ -121,11 +126,11 @@ public:
   static const CTexture* sShadowTexture;
 
 private:
-  void Draw(TVectorRef positions, TVectorRef normals, const CModelFlags& flags);
+  void Draw(TConstVectorRef positions, TConstVectorRef normals, const CModelFlags& flags);
   void DrawAlphaSurfaces(const CModelFlags& flags);
   void DrawNormalSurfaces(const CModelFlags& flags);
   void DrawSurfaces(const CModelFlags& flags);
-  void SetSkinningArraysCurrent(TVectorRef positions, TVectorRef normals);
+  void SetSkinningArraysCurrent(TConstVectorRef positions, TConstVectorRef normals);
   void SetStaticArraysCurrent();
 };
 } // namespace metaforce

Runtime/Graphics/CCubeRenderer.cpp

@@ -634,9 +634,9 @@ u32 CCubeRenderer::GetFPS() { return CGraphics::GetFPS(); }
 void CCubeRenderer::CacheReflection(IRenderer::TReflectionCallback cb, void* ctx, bool clearAfter) {}
 void CCubeRenderer::DrawSpaceWarp(const zeus::CVector3f& pt, float strength) {}
 void CCubeRenderer::DrawThermalModel(const CModel& model, const zeus::CColor& multCol, const zeus::CColor& addCol,
-                                     TVectorRef positions, TVectorRef normals, const CModelFlags& flags) {}
+                                     TConstVectorRef positions, TConstVectorRef normals, const CModelFlags& flags) {}
 void CCubeRenderer::DrawModelDisintegrate(const CModel& model, const CTexture& tex, const zeus::CColor& color,
-                                          TVectorRef positions, TVectorRef normals) {}
+                                          TConstVectorRef positions, TConstVectorRef normals) {}
 void CCubeRenderer::DrawModelFlat(const CModel& model, const CModelFlags& flags, bool unsortedOnly) {}
 void CCubeRenderer::SetWireframeFlags(s32 flags) {}
 void CCubeRenderer::SetWorldFog(ERglFogMode mode, float startz, float endz, const zeus::CColor& color) {}

Runtime/Graphics/CCubeRenderer.hpp

@@ -180,9 +180,9 @@ public:
   void CacheReflection(TReflectionCallback cb, void* ctx, bool clearAfter) override;
   void DrawSpaceWarp(const zeus::CVector3f& pt, float strength) override;
   void DrawThermalModel(const CModel& model, const zeus::CColor& multCol, const zeus::CColor& addCol,
-                        TVectorRef positions, TVectorRef normals, const CModelFlags& flags) override;
+                        TConstVectorRef positions, TConstVectorRef normals, const CModelFlags& flags) override;
-  void DrawModelDisintegrate(const CModel& model, const CTexture& tex, const zeus::CColor& color, TVectorRef positions,
+  void DrawModelDisintegrate(const CModel& model, const CTexture& tex, const zeus::CColor& color,
-                             TVectorRef normals) override;
+                             TConstVectorRef positions, TConstVectorRef normals) override;
   void DrawModelFlat(const CModel& model, const CModelFlags& flags, bool unsortedOnly) override;
   void SetWireframeFlags(s32 flags) override;
   void SetWorldFog(ERglFogMode mode, float startz, float endz, const zeus::CColor& color) override;

Runtime/Graphics/CMetroidModelInstance.hpp

@@ -37,8 +37,10 @@ public:
   [[nodiscard]] std::vector<CCubeSurface>* GetSurfaces() { return &x50_surfaces; }
   [[nodiscard]] const std::vector<CCubeSurface>* GetSurfaces() const { return &x50_surfaces; }
   [[nodiscard]] const u8* GetMaterialPointer() const { return x4c_materialData; }
-  [[nodiscard]] TVectorRef GetVertexPointer() const { return &x60_positions; }
+  [[nodiscard]] TVectorRef GetVertexPointer() { return &x60_positions; }
-  [[nodiscard]] TVectorRef GetNormalPointer() const { return &x64_normals; }
+  [[nodiscard]] TConstVectorRef GetVertexPointer() const { return &x60_positions; }
+  [[nodiscard]] TVectorRef GetNormalPointer() { return &x64_normals; }
+  [[nodiscard]] TConstVectorRef GetNormalPointer() const { return &x64_normals; }
   [[nodiscard]] const std::vector<zeus::CColor>* GetColorPointer() const { return &x68_colors; }
   [[nodiscard]] const std::vector<aurora::Vec2<float>>* GetTCPointer() const { return &x6c_texCoords; }
   [[nodiscard]] const std::vector<aurora::Vec2<float>>* GetPackedTCPointer() const { return &x70_packedTexCoords; }

Runtime/Graphics/CModel.cpp

@@ -201,9 +201,13 @@ void CModel::EnableTextureTimeout() { sIsTextureTimeoutEnabled = true; }
 
 void CModel::DisableTextureTimeout() { sIsTextureTimeoutEnabled = false; }
 
-TVectorRef CModel::GetPositions() const { return x28_modelInst->GetPositions(); }
+TVectorRef CModel::GetPositions() { return x28_modelInst->GetPositions(); }
 
-TVectorRef CModel::GetNormals() const { return x28_modelInst->GetNormals(); }
+TConstVectorRef CModel::GetPositions() const { return x28_modelInst->GetPositions(); }
+
+TVectorRef CModel::GetNormals() { return x28_modelInst->GetNormals(); }
+
+TConstVectorRef CModel::GetNormals() const { return x28_modelInst->GetNormals(); }
 
 void CModel::VerifyCurrentShader(u32 matIdx) {
   if (matIdx > x18_matSets.size()) {
@@ -264,7 +268,7 @@ void CModel::Draw(CModelFlags flags) {
   x28_modelInst->Draw(flags);
 }
 
-void CModel::Draw(TVectorRef positions, TVectorRef normals, const CModelFlags& flags) {
+void CModel::Draw(TConstVectorRef positions, TConstVectorRef normals, const CModelFlags& flags) {
   if (flags.x2_flags & CModelFlagBits::DrawNormal) {
     x28_modelInst->DrawNormal(positions, normals, ESurfaceSelection::All);
   }

Runtime/Graphics/CModel.hpp

@@ -100,13 +100,15 @@ public:
   void VerifyCurrentShader(u32 matIdx);
   void Touch(u32 matIdx);
   void Draw(CModelFlags flags);
-  void Draw(TVectorRef positions, TVectorRef normals, const CModelFlags& flags);
+  void Draw(TConstVectorRef positions, TConstVectorRef normals, const CModelFlags& flags);
   void DrawSortedParts(CModelFlags flags);
   void DrawUnsortedParts(CModelFlags flags);
   bool IsLoaded(u32 matIdx);
 
-  TVectorRef GetPositions() const;
+  TVectorRef GetPositions();
-  TVectorRef GetNormals() const;
+  TConstVectorRef GetPositions() const;
+  TVectorRef GetNormals();
+  TConstVectorRef GetNormals() const;
   u32 GetNumMaterialSets() const { return x18_matSets.size(); }
   bool IsOpaque() const { return x28_modelInst->x3c_firstSortedSurf == nullptr; }
   const zeus::CAABox& GetAABB() const { return x28_modelInst->x20_worldAABB; }

Runtime/Graphics/CRainSplashGenerator.cpp

@@ -70,8 +70,7 @@ void CRainSplashGenerator::Draw(const zeus::CTransform& xf) {
   DoDraw(xf);
 }
 
-CRainSplashGenerator::SSplashLine::SSplashLine()
+CRainSplashGenerator::SSplashLine::SSplashLine() : m_renderer(CLineRenderer::EPrimitiveMode::LineStrip, 3, {}, false) {}
-: m_renderer(CLineRenderer::EPrimitiveMode::LineStrip, 3, {}, false) {}
 
 CRainSplashGenerator::SRainSplash::SRainSplash() {
   for (size_t i = 0; i < x0_lines.capacity(); ++i) {
@@ -146,16 +145,16 @@ void CRainSplashGenerator::Update(float dt, CStateManager& mgr) {
   }
 }
 
-u32 CRainSplashGenerator::GetNextBestPt(u32 pt, const std::vector<std::pair<zeus::CVector3f, zeus::CVector3f>>& vn,
+u32 CRainSplashGenerator::GetNextBestPt(u32 pt, const SSkinningWorkspace& workspace, CRandom16& rand, float minZ) {
-                                        CRandom16& rand, float minZ) {
+  const auto& refVert = workspace.m_vertexWorkspace[pt];
-  const auto& refVert = vn[pt];
   float maxDist = 0.f;
   u32 nextPt = pt;
   for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
-    const auto idx = u32(rand.Range(0, int(vn.size() - 1)));
+    const auto idx = u32(rand.Range(0, int(workspace.m_vertexWorkspace.size() - 1)));
-    const auto& vert = vn[idx];
+    const auto& vert = workspace.m_vertexWorkspace[idx];
-    const float distSq = (refVert.first - vert.first).magSquared();
+    const auto& norm = workspace.m_normalWorkspace[idx];
-    if (distSq > maxDist && vert.second.dot(zeus::skUp) >= 0.f && (vert.first.z() <= 0.f || vert.first.z() > minZ)) {
+    const float distSq = (refVert - vert).magSquared();
+    if (distSq > maxDist && norm.dot(zeus::skUp) >= 0.f && (vert.z() <= 0.f || vert.z() > minZ)) {
       nextPt = idx;
       maxDist = distSq;
     }
@@ -177,7 +176,7 @@ void CRainSplashGenerator::AddPoint(const zeus::CVector3f& pos) {
   x38_queueTail += 1;
 }
 
-void CRainSplashGenerator::GeneratePoints(const std::vector<std::pair<zeus::CVector3f, zeus::CVector3f>>& vn) {
+void CRainSplashGenerator::GeneratePoints(const SSkinningWorkspace& workspace) {
   if (!x48_25_raining)
     return;
 
@@ -185,8 +184,8 @@ void CRainSplashGenerator::GeneratePoints(const std::vector<std::pair<zeus::CVec
     for (u32 i = 0; i < x44_genRate; ++i) {
       if (x40_queueSize >= x0_rainSplashes.size())
         break;
-      x34_curPoint = GetNextBestPt(x34_curPoint, vn, x10_random, x2c_minZ);
+      x34_curPoint = GetNextBestPt(x34_curPoint, workspace, x10_random, x2c_minZ);
-      AddPoint(x14_scale * vn[x34_curPoint].first);
+      AddPoint(x14_scale * workspace.m_vertexWorkspace[x34_curPoint]);
     }
     x20_generateTimer = 0.f;
   }

Runtime/Graphics/CRainSplashGenerator.hpp

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #include "Runtime/RetroTypes.hpp"
 #include "Runtime/rstl.hpp"
 #include "Runtime/Graphics/CLineRenderer.hpp"
+#include "Runtime/Graphics/CSkinnedModel.hpp"
 
 #include <zeus/CVector3f.hpp>
 
@@ -61,14 +62,13 @@ class CRainSplashGenerator {
   void UpdateRainSplashRange(CStateManager& mgr, int start, int end, float dt);
   void UpdateRainSplashes(CStateManager& mgr, float magnitude, float dt);
   void DoDraw(const zeus::CTransform& xf);
-  static u32 GetNextBestPt(u32 pt, const std::vector<std::pair<zeus::CVector3f, zeus::CVector3f>>& vn, CRandom16& rand,
+  static u32 GetNextBestPt(u32 pt, const SSkinningWorkspace& workspace, CRandom16& rand, float minZ);
-                           float minZ);
   void AddPoint(const zeus::CVector3f& pos);
 
 public:
   CRainSplashGenerator(const zeus::CVector3f& scale, u32 maxSplashes, u32 genRate, float minZ, float alpha);
   void Update(float dt, CStateManager& mgr);
-  void GeneratePoints(const std::vector<std::pair<zeus::CVector3f, zeus::CVector3f>>& vn);
+  void GeneratePoints(const SSkinningWorkspace& workspace);
   void Draw(const zeus::CTransform& xf);
   bool IsRaining() const { return x48_25_raining; }
 };

Runtime/Graphics/CSkinnedModel.cpp

@@ -4,13 +4,17 @@
 #include "Runtime/Graphics/CVertexMorphEffect.hpp"
 
 #include <logvisor/logvisor.hpp>
+#include <list>
 
 namespace metaforce {
 static logvisor::Module Log("metaforce::CSkinnedModel");
 
 CSkinnedModel::CSkinnedModel(const TLockedToken<CModel>& model, const TLockedToken<CSkinRules>& skinRules,
                              const TLockedToken<CCharLayoutInfo>& layoutInfo)
-: x4_model(std::move(model)), x10_skinRules(std::move(skinRules)), x1c_layoutInfo(std::move(layoutInfo)) {
+: x4_model(std::move(model))
+, x10_skinRules(std::move(skinRules))
+, x1c_layoutInfo(std::move(layoutInfo))
+, m_workspace(*x10_skinRules) {
   if (!x4_model) {
     Log.report(logvisor::Fatal, FMT_STRING("bad model token provided to CSkinnedModel"));
   }
@@ -26,32 +30,36 @@ CSkinnedModel::CSkinnedModel(IObjectStore& store, CAssetId model, CAssetId skinR
 : CSkinnedModel(store.GetObj(SObjectTag{FOURCC('CMDL'), model}), store.GetObj(SObjectTag{FOURCC('CSKR'), skinRules}),
                 store.GetObj(SObjectTag{FOURCC('CINF'), layoutInfo})) {}
 
-void CSkinnedModel::Calculate(const CPoseAsTransforms& pose, const std::optional<CVertexMorphEffect>& morphEffect,
+void CSkinnedModel::AllocateStorage() {
-                              const float* morphMagnitudes) {
+  if (x34_owned) {
-  // TODO
+    m_workspace.Reset(*x10_skinRules);
-  // if (morphEffect || g_PointGenFunc) {
+  }
-  //   if (boo::ObjToken<boo::IGraphicsBufferD> vertBuf = m_modelInst->UpdateUniformData(drawFlags, nullptr, nullptr))
-  //   {
-  //     x10_skinRules->TransformVerticesCPU(m_vertWorkspace, pose, *x4_model);
-  //     if (morphEffect)
-  //       morphEffect->MorphVertices(m_vertWorkspace, morphMagnitudes, x10_skinRules, pose);
-  //     if (g_PointGenFunc)
-  //       g_PointGenFunc(g_PointGenCtx, m_vertWorkspace);
-  //     x4_model->ApplyVerticesCPU(vertBuf, m_vertWorkspace);
-  //     m_modifiedVBO = true;
-  //   }
-  // } else {
-  //   if (boo::ObjToken<boo::IGraphicsBufferD> vertBuf =
-  //           m_modelInst->UpdateUniformData(drawFlags, x10_skinRules.GetObj(), &pose)) {
-  //     if (m_modifiedVBO) {
-  //       x4_model->RestoreVerticesCPU(vertBuf);
-  //       m_modifiedVBO = false;
-  //     }
-  //   }
-  // }
 }
 
-void CSkinnedModel::Draw(TVectorRef verts, TVectorRef norms, const CModelFlags& drawFlags) {
+void CSkinnedModel::Calculate(const CPoseAsTransforms& pose, const std::optional<CVertexMorphEffect>& morphEffect,
+                              TConstVectorRef morphMagnitudes, SSkinningWorkspace* workspace) {
+  if (workspace == nullptr) {
+    if (x35_disableWorkspaces) {
+      x10_skinRules->BuildAccumulatedTransforms(pose, *x1c_layoutInfo);
+      return;
+    }
+    AllocateStorage();
+    workspace = &m_workspace;
+  }
+
+  x10_skinRules->BuildAccumulatedTransforms(pose, *x1c_layoutInfo);
+  x10_skinRules->BuildPoints(x4_model->GetPositions(), &workspace->m_vertexWorkspace);
+  x10_skinRules->BuildNormals(x4_model->GetNormals(), &workspace->m_normalWorkspace);
+
+  if (morphEffect) {
+    morphEffect->MorphVertices(*workspace, morphMagnitudes, x10_skinRules, pose);
+  }
+  if (g_PointGenFunc != nullptr) {
+    g_PointGenFunc(*workspace);
+  }
+}
+
+void CSkinnedModel::Draw(TConstVectorRef verts, TConstVectorRef norms, const CModelFlags& drawFlags) {
   OPTICK_EVENT();
   x4_model->Draw(verts, norms, drawFlags);
   // PostDrawFunc();
@@ -63,10 +71,10 @@ void CSkinnedModel::Draw(const CModelFlags& drawFlags) {
     CGraphics::SetModelMatrix(mtx * x10_skinRules->x0_bones.front().x20_xf);
     x4_model->Draw(drawFlags);
     CGraphics::SetModelMatrix(mtx);
-  } else if (x24_vertWorkspace.empty()) {
+  } else if (m_workspace.IsEmpty()) {
     x4_model->Draw(drawFlags);
   } else {
-    x4_model->Draw(&x24_vertWorkspace, &x2c_normalWorkspace, drawFlags);
+    x4_model->Draw(&m_workspace.m_vertexWorkspace, &m_workspace.m_normalWorkspace, drawFlags);
     // PostDrawFunc();
   }
 }
@@ -77,19 +85,49 @@ void CSkinnedModel::DoDrawCallback(const FCustomDraw& func) const {
     CGraphics::SetModelMatrix(mtx * x10_skinRules->x0_bones.front().x20_xf);
     func(x4_model->GetPositions(), x4_model->GetNormals());
     CGraphics::SetModelMatrix(mtx);
-  } else if (x24_vertWorkspace.empty()) {
+  } else if (m_workspace.IsEmpty()) {
     func(x4_model->GetPositions(), x4_model->GetNormals());
   } else {
-    func(&x24_vertWorkspace, &x2c_normalWorkspace);
+    func(&m_workspace.m_vertexWorkspace, &m_workspace.m_normalWorkspace);
     // PostDrawFunc();
   }
 }
 
 CMorphableSkinnedModel::CMorphableSkinnedModel(IObjectStore& store, CAssetId model, CAssetId skinRules,
                                                CAssetId layoutInfo)
-: CSkinnedModel(store, model, skinRules, layoutInfo) {}
+: CSkinnedModel(store, model, skinRules, layoutInfo) {
+  const auto vertexCount = GetSkinRules()->GetVertexCount();
+  const auto& modelPositions = *GetModel()->GetPositions();
 
-CSkinnedModel::FPointGenerator CSkinnedModel::g_PointGenFunc = nullptr;
+  x40_morphMagnitudes.resize(vertexCount);
-void* CSkinnedModel::g_PointGenCtx = nullptr;
+  std::vector<std::pair<zeus::CVector3f, std::list<u32>>> vertMap;
+  for (int vertIdx = 0; vertIdx < vertexCount; ++vertIdx) {
+    const auto curPos = modelPositions[vertIdx];
+    if (std::find_if(vertMap.cbegin(), vertMap.cend(), [=](const auto& pair) { return pair.first.isEqu(curPos); }) ==
+        vertMap.cend()) {
+      auto& [_, list] = vertMap.emplace_back(curPos, std::list<u32>{});
+      for (int idx = vertIdx; idx < vertexCount; ++idx) {
+        // Originally uses ==, but adjusted to match above
+        if (modelPositions[idx].isEqu(curPos)) {
+          list.emplace_back(idx);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  const auto& modelNormals = *GetModel()->GetNormals();
+  for (const auto& [_, idxs] : vertMap) {
+    zeus::CVector3f averagedNormal;
+    for (const auto idx : idxs) {
+      averagedNormal += modelNormals[idx];
+    }
+    averagedNormal.normalize();
+    for (const auto idx : idxs) {
+      x40_morphMagnitudes[idx] = averagedNormal;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+FPointGenerator CSkinnedModel::g_PointGenFunc;
 
 } // namespace metaforce

Runtime/Graphics/CSkinnedModel.hpp

@@ -18,15 +18,32 @@ class CPoseAsTransforms;
 class CVertexMorphEffect;
 class IObjectStore;
 
+// Originally vert + normal workspaces were allocated together, but here separated for ease of use
+struct SSkinningWorkspace {
+  std::vector<zeus::CVector3f> m_vertexWorkspace;
+  std::vector<zeus::CVector3f> m_normalWorkspace;
+
+  SSkinningWorkspace(const CSkinRules& rules) { Reset(rules); }
+  void Reset(const CSkinRules& rules) {
+    m_vertexWorkspace.clear();
+    m_normalWorkspace.clear();
+    m_vertexWorkspace.reserve(rules.GetVertexCount());
+    m_normalWorkspace.reserve(rules.GetNormalCount());
+  }
+  [[nodiscard]] bool IsEmpty() const { return m_vertexWorkspace.empty() || m_normalWorkspace.empty(); }
+};
+
 // Lambda instead of userdata pointer
-using FCustomDraw = std::function<void(TVectorRef positions, TVectorRef normals)>;
+using FCustomDraw = std::function<void(TConstVectorRef positions, TConstVectorRef normals)>;
+using FPointGenerator = std::function<void(const SSkinningWorkspace& workspace)>;
 
 class CSkinnedModel {
   TLockedToken<CModel> x4_model;
   TLockedToken<CSkinRules> x10_skinRules;
   TLockedToken<CCharLayoutInfo> x1c_layoutInfo;
-  std::vector<zeus::CVector3f> x24_vertWorkspace;   // was rstl::auto_ptr<float[]>
+  // rstl::auto_ptr<float[]> x24_vertWorkspace;
-  std::vector<zeus::CVector3f> x2c_normalWorkspace; // was rstl::auto_ptr<float[]>
+  // rstl::auto_ptr<float[]> x2c_normalWorkspace;
+  SSkinningWorkspace m_workspace;
   bool x34_owned = true;
   bool x35_disableWorkspaces = false;
 
@@ -42,28 +59,25 @@ public:
   void SetLayoutInfo(const TLockedToken<CCharLayoutInfo>& inf) { x1c_layoutInfo = inf; }
   const TLockedToken<CCharLayoutInfo>& GetLayoutInfo() const { return x1c_layoutInfo; }
 
+  void AllocateStorage();
   void Calculate(const CPoseAsTransforms& pose, const std::optional<CVertexMorphEffect>& morphEffect,
-                 const float* morphMagnitudes);
+                 TConstVectorRef averagedNormals, SSkinningWorkspace* workspace);
-  void Draw(TVectorRef verts, TVectorRef normals, const CModelFlags& drawFlags);
+  void Draw(TConstVectorRef verts, TConstVectorRef normals, const CModelFlags& drawFlags);
   void Draw(const CModelFlags& drawFlags);
   void DoDrawCallback(const FCustomDraw& func) const;
 
-  using FPointGenerator = void (*)(void* item, const std::vector<std::pair<zeus::CVector3f, zeus::CVector3f>>& vn);
+  static void SetPointGeneratorFunc(FPointGenerator func) { g_PointGenFunc = std::move(func); }
-  static void SetPointGeneratorFunc(void* ctx, FPointGenerator func) {
-    g_PointGenFunc = func;
-    g_PointGenCtx = ctx;
-  }
   static void ClearPointGeneratorFunc() { g_PointGenFunc = nullptr; }
   static FPointGenerator g_PointGenFunc;
-  static void* g_PointGenCtx;
 };
 
 class CMorphableSkinnedModel : public CSkinnedModel {
-  std::unique_ptr<float[]> x40_morphMagnitudes;
+  std::vector<zeus::CVector3f> x40_morphMagnitudes; // was rstl::auto_ptr<float[]>
 
 public:
   CMorphableSkinnedModel(IObjectStore& store, CAssetId model, CAssetId skinRules, CAssetId layoutInfo);
-  const float* GetMorphMagnitudes() const { return x40_morphMagnitudes.get(); }
+  TConstVectorRef GetMorphMagnitudes() const { return &x40_morphMagnitudes; }
+  TVectorRef GetMorphMagnitudes() { return &x40_morphMagnitudes; }
 };
 
 } // namespace metaforce

Runtime/Graphics/CVertexMorphEffect.cpp

@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ CVertexMorphEffect::CVertexMorphEffect(const zeus::CUnitVector3f& v1, const zeus
                                        float f2, CRandom16& random)
 : x0_(v1), x20_diagExtent(diagExtent), x24_random(random) {}
 
-void CVertexMorphEffect::MorphVertices(std::vector<std::pair<zeus::CVector3f, zeus::CVector3f>>& vn,
+void CVertexMorphEffect::MorphVertices(SSkinningWorkspace& workspace, TConstVectorRef magnitudes,
-                                       const float* magnitudes, const TLockedToken<CSkinRules>& skinRules,
+                                       const TLockedToken<CSkinRules>& skinRules, const CPoseAsTransforms& pose) const {
-                                       const CPoseAsTransforms& pose) const {}
+}
 
 } // namespace metaforce

Runtime/Graphics/CVertexMorphEffect.hpp

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 
 #include "Runtime/CToken.hpp"
 #include "Runtime/Character/CPoseAsTransforms.hpp"
+#include "Runtime/Graphics/CCubeModel.hpp"
 
 #include <zeus/CUnitVector.hpp>
 #include <zeus/CVector3f.hpp>
@@ -12,6 +13,7 @@
 namespace metaforce {
 class CRandom16;
 class CSkinRules;
+struct SSkinningWorkspace;
 
 class CVertexMorphEffect {
   zeus::CUnitVector3f x0_;
@@ -28,7 +30,7 @@ class CVertexMorphEffect {
 public:
   CVertexMorphEffect(const zeus::CUnitVector3f& v1, const zeus::CVector3f& v2, float diagExtent, float f2,
                      CRandom16& random);
-  void MorphVertices(std::vector<std::pair<zeus::CVector3f, zeus::CVector3f>>& vn, const float* magnitudes,
+  void MorphVertices(SSkinningWorkspace& workspace, TConstVectorRef magnitudes,
                      const TLockedToken<CSkinRules>& skinRules, const CPoseAsTransforms& pose) const;
   void Reset(const zeus::CVector3f& dir, const zeus::CVector3f& pos, float duration) {}
   void Update(float) {}

Runtime/Graphics/IRenderer.hpp

@@ -93,9 +93,9 @@ public:
   virtual void CacheReflection(TReflectionCallback cb, void* ctx, bool clearAfter) = 0;
   virtual void DrawSpaceWarp(const zeus::CVector3f& pt, float strength) = 0;
   virtual void DrawThermalModel(const CModel& model, const zeus::CColor& multCol, const zeus::CColor& addCol,
-                                TVectorRef positions, TVectorRef normals, const CModelFlags& flags) = 0;
+                                TConstVectorRef positions, TConstVectorRef normals, const CModelFlags& flags) = 0;
   virtual void DrawModelDisintegrate(const CModel& model, const CTexture& tex, const zeus::CColor& color,
-                                     TVectorRef positions, TVectorRef normals) = 0;
+                                     TConstVectorRef positions, TConstVectorRef normals) = 0;
   virtual void DrawModelFlat(const CModel& model, const CModelFlags& flags, bool unsortedOnly) = 0;
   virtual void SetWireframeFlags(s32 flags) = 0;
   virtual void SetWorldFog(ERglFogMode mode, float startz, float endz, const zeus::CColor& color) = 0;

Runtime/Weapon/CGrappleArm.cpp

@@ -501,10 +501,6 @@ void CGrappleArm::RenderXRayModel(const CStateManager& mgr, const zeus::CTransfo
   // CGraphics::DisableAllLights();
 }
 
-void CGrappleArm::PointGenerator(void* ctx, const std::vector<std::pair<zeus::CVector3f, zeus::CVector3f>>& vn) {
-  static_cast<CRainSplashGenerator*>(ctx)->GeneratePoints(vn);
-}
-
 void CGrappleArm::Render(const CStateManager& mgr, const zeus::CVector3f& pos, const CModelFlags& flags,
                          const CActorLights* lights) {
   if (!x3b2_24_active || x3b2_29_suitLoading) {
@@ -528,7 +524,8 @@ void CGrappleArm::Render(const CStateManager& mgr, const zeus::CVector3f& pos, c
   }
 
   if (x3a4_rainSplashGenerator && x3a4_rainSplashGenerator->IsRaining()) {
-    CSkinnedModel::SetPointGeneratorFunc(x3a4_rainSplashGenerator.get(), PointGenerator);
+    CSkinnedModel::SetPointGeneratorFunc(
+        [&](const auto& workspace) { x3a4_rainSplashGenerator->GeneratePoints(workspace); });
   }
 
   x0_grappleArmModel->Render(mgr, modelXf, useLights, useFlags);

Runtime/Weapon/CGrappleArm.hpp

@@ -102,8 +102,6 @@ private:
   void UpdateSwingAction(float grappleSwingT, float dt, CStateManager& mgr);
   void RenderXRayModel(const CStateManager& mgr, const zeus::CTransform& modelXf, const CModelFlags& flags);
 
-  static void PointGenerator(void* ctx, const std::vector<std::pair<zeus::CVector3f, zeus::CVector3f>>& vn);
-
 public:
   explicit CGrappleArm(const zeus::CVector3f& scale);
   void AsyncLoadSuit(CStateManager& mgr);

Runtime/Weapon/CGunWeapon.cpp

@@ -250,10 +250,6 @@ void CGunWeapon::TouchHolo(const CStateManager& mgr) {
     x60_holoModelData->Touch(mgr, 0);
 }
 
-void CGunWeapon::PointGenerator(void* ctx, const std::vector<std::pair<zeus::CVector3f, zeus::CVector3f>>& vn) {
-  static_cast<CRainSplashGenerator*>(ctx)->GeneratePoints(vn);
-}
-
 void CGunWeapon::Draw(bool drawSuitArm, const CStateManager& mgr, const zeus::CTransform& xf, const CModelFlags& flags,
                       const CActorLights* lights) {
   if (!x218_26_loaded)
@@ -262,7 +258,8 @@ void CGunWeapon::Draw(bool drawSuitArm, const CStateManager& mgr, const zeus::CT
   zeus::CTransform armXf = xf * x10_solidModelData->GetScaledLocatorTransform("elbow");
 
   if (x1bc_rainSplashGenerator && x1bc_rainSplashGenerator->IsRaining())
-    CSkinnedModel::SetPointGeneratorFunc(x1bc_rainSplashGenerator, PointGenerator);
+    CSkinnedModel::SetPointGeneratorFunc(
+        [&](const auto& workspace) { x1bc_rainSplashGenerator->GeneratePoints(workspace); });
 
   if (mgr.GetThermalDrawFlag() == EThermalDrawFlag::Hot && x200_beamId != CPlayerState::EBeamId::Ice) {
     /* Hot Draw */

Runtime/Weapon/CGunWeapon.hpp

@@ -102,8 +102,6 @@ protected:
   void LockTokens(CStateManager& mgr);
   void UnlockTokens();
 
-  static void PointGenerator(void* ctx, const std::vector<std::pair<zeus::CVector3f, zeus::CVector3f>>& vn);
-
 public:
   CGunWeapon(CAssetId ancsId, EWeaponType type, TUniqueId playerId, EMaterialTypes playerMaterial,
              const zeus::CVector3f& scale);

Runtime/World/CActorModelParticles.cpp

@@ -30,14 +30,14 @@ CActorModelParticles::CItem::CItem(const CEntity& ent, CActorModelParticles& par
   x8_onFireGens.resize(8);
 }
 
-static s32 GetNextBestPt(s32 start, const std::vector<std::pair<zeus::CVector3f, zeus::CVector3f>>& vn,
+static s32 GetNextBestPt(s32 start, const SSkinningWorkspace& workspace, CRandom16& rnd) {
-                         CRandom16& rnd) {
+  const auto& verts = workspace.m_vertexWorkspace;
-  const zeus::CVector3f& startVec = vn[start].first;
+  const zeus::CVector3f& startVec = verts[start];
   s32 ret = start;
   float maxMag = 0.f;
   for (s32 i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
-    s32 idx = rnd.Range(0, s32(vn.size()) - 1);
+    s32 idx = rnd.Range(0, s32(verts.size()) - 1);
-    const zeus::CVector3f& rndVec = vn[idx].first;
+    const zeus::CVector3f& rndVec = verts[idx];
     float mag = (startVec - rndVec).magSquared();
     if (mag > maxMag) {
       ret = idx;
@@ -46,11 +46,15 @@ static s32 GetNextBestPt(s32 start, const std::vector<std::pair<zeus::CVector3f,
   }
   return ret;
 }
-void CActorModelParticles::CItem::GeneratePoints(const std::vector<std::pair<zeus::CVector3f, zeus::CVector3f>>& vn) {
+
+void CActorModelParticles::CItem::GeneratePoints(const SSkinningWorkspace& workspace) {
+  const auto& verts = workspace.m_vertexWorkspace;
+  const auto& norms = workspace.m_normalWorkspace;
+
   for (std::pair<std::unique_ptr<CElementGen>, u32>& pair : x8_onFireGens) {
     if (pair.first) {
       CRandom16 rnd(pair.second);
-      const zeus::CVector3f& vec = vn[rnd.Float() * (vn.size() - 1)].first;
+      const zeus::CVector3f& vec = verts[rnd.Float() * (verts.size() - 1)];
       pair.first->SetTranslation(xec_particleOffsetScale * vec);
     }
   }
@@ -60,9 +64,9 @@ void CActorModelParticles::CItem::GeneratePoints(const std::vector<std::pair<zeu
     s32 count = (x84_ashMaxParticles >= 16 ? 16 : x84_ashMaxParticles);
     s32 idx = x80_ashPointIterator;
     for (u32 i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
-      idx = GetNextBestPt(idx, vn, rnd);
+      idx = GetNextBestPt(idx, workspace, rnd);
-      x78_ashGen->SetTranslation(xec_particleOffsetScale * vn[idx].first);
+      x78_ashGen->SetTranslation(xec_particleOffsetScale * verts[idx]);
-      zeus::CVector3f v = vn[idx].second;
+      zeus::CVector3f v = norms[idx];
       if (v.canBeNormalized()) {
         v.normalize();
         x78_ashGen->SetOrientation(zeus::CTransform{v.cross(zeus::skUp), v, zeus::skUp, zeus::skZero3f});
@@ -80,10 +84,10 @@ void CActorModelParticles::CItem::GeneratePoints(const std::vector<std::pair<zeu
     std::unique_ptr<CElementGen> iceGen = x128_parent.MakeIceGen();
     iceGen->SetGlobalOrientAndTrans(xf8_iceXf);
 
-    s32 idx = GetNextBestPt(xb0_icePointIterator, vn, rnd);
+    s32 idx = GetNextBestPt(xb0_icePointIterator, workspace, rnd);
-    iceGen->SetTranslation(xec_particleOffsetScale * vn[idx].first);
+    iceGen->SetTranslation(xec_particleOffsetScale * verts[idx]);
 
-    iceGen->SetOrientation(zeus::CTransform::MakeRotationsBasedOnY(zeus::CUnitVector3f(vn[idx].second)));
+    iceGen->SetOrientation(zeus::CTransform::MakeRotationsBasedOnY(zeus::CUnitVector3f(norms[idx])));
 
     x8c_iceGens.push_back(std::move(iceGen));
     xb0_icePointIterator = (x8c_iceGens.size() == 4 ? -1 : idx);
@@ -98,9 +102,9 @@ void CActorModelParticles::CItem::GeneratePoints(const std::vector<std::pair<zeu
 #endif
     s32 idx = xc8_electricPointIterator;
     for (u32 i = 0; i < end; ++i) {
-      xc0_electricGen->SetOverrideIPos(vn[rnd.Range(0, s32(vn.size()) - 1)].first * xec_particleOffsetScale);
+      xc0_electricGen->SetOverrideIPos(verts[rnd.Range(0, s32(verts.size()) - 1)] * xec_particleOffsetScale);
-      idx = rnd.Range(0, s32(vn.size()) - 1);
+      idx = rnd.Range(0, s32(verts.size()) - 1);
-      xc0_electricGen->SetOverrideFPos(vn[idx].first * xec_particleOffsetScale);
+      xc0_electricGen->SetOverrideFPos(verts[idx] * xec_particleOffsetScale);
       xc0_electricGen->ForceParticleCreation(1);
     }
 
@@ -109,7 +113,7 @@ void CActorModelParticles::CItem::GeneratePoints(const std::vector<std::pair<zeu
   }
 
   if (xd4_rainSplashGen)
-    xd4_rainSplashGen->GeneratePoints(vn);
+    xd4_rainSplashGen->GeneratePoints(workspace);
 }
 
 bool CActorModelParticles::CItem::UpdateOnFire(float dt, CActor* actor, CStateManager& mgr) {
@@ -516,19 +520,12 @@ void CActorModelParticles::Update(float dt, CStateManager& mgr) {
   }
 }
 
-void CActorModelParticles::PointGenerator(void* ctx,
-                                          const std::vector<std::pair<zeus::CVector3f, zeus::CVector3f>>& vn) {
-  static_cast<CItem*>(ctx)->GeneratePoints(vn);
-}
-
 void CActorModelParticles::SetupHook(TUniqueId uid) {
   const auto search = FindSystem(uid);
-
   if (search == x0_items.cend()) {
     return;
   }
-
+  CSkinnedModel::SetPointGeneratorFunc([=](const auto& workspace) { search->GeneratePoints(workspace); });
-  CSkinnedModel::SetPointGeneratorFunc(&*search, PointGenerator);
 }
 
 std::list<CActorModelParticles::CItem>::iterator CActorModelParticles::FindSystem(TUniqueId uid) {
@@ -622,7 +619,7 @@ void CActorModelParticles::LightDudeOnFire(CActor& act) {
 const CTexture* CActorModelParticles::GetAshyTexture(const CActor& act) {
   auto iter = FindSystem(act.GetUniqueId());
   if (iter != x0_items.cend() && iter->xdc_ashy && iter->xdc_ashy.IsLoaded()) {
-//    iter->xdc_ashy->GetBooTexture()->setClampMode(boo::TextureClampMode::ClampToEdge);
+    //    iter->xdc_ashy->GetBooTexture()->setClampMode(boo::TextureClampMode::ClampToEdge);
     return iter->xdc_ashy.GetObj();
   }
   return nullptr;

Runtime/World/CActorModelParticles.hpp

@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ public:
 
   public:
     CItem(const CEntity& ent, CActorModelParticles& parent);
-    void GeneratePoints(const std::vector<std::pair<zeus::CVector3f, zeus::CVector3f>>& vn);
+    void GeneratePoints(const SSkinningWorkspace& workspace);
     bool Update(float dt, CStateManager& mgr);
     void Lock(EDependency i);
     void Unlock(EDependency i);
@@ -150,7 +150,6 @@ private:
 
 public:
   CActorModelParticles();
-  static void PointGenerator(void* item, const std::vector<std::pair<zeus::CVector3f, zeus::CVector3f>>& vn);
   void AddStragglersToRenderer(const CStateManager& mgr);
   void Update(float dt, CStateManager& mgr);
   void SetupHook(TUniqueId uid);

Runtime/World/CMorphBall.cpp

@@ -1657,10 +1657,6 @@ void CMorphBall::PreRender(CStateManager& mgr, const zeus::CFrustum& frustum) {
   }
 }
 
-void CMorphBall::PointGenerator(void* ctx, const std::vector<std::pair<zeus::CVector3f, zeus::CVector3f>>& vn) {
-  static_cast<CRainSplashGenerator*>(ctx)->GeneratePoints(vn);
-}
-
 void CMorphBall::Render(const CStateManager& mgr, const CActorLights* lights) const {
   SCOPED_GRAPHICS_DEBUG_GROUP("CPlayer::Render", zeus::skPurple);
   zeus::CTransform ballToWorld = GetBallToWorld();
@@ -1685,7 +1681,8 @@ void CMorphBall::Render(const CStateManager& mgr, const CActorLights* lights) co
   // flags.m_extendedShader = EExtendedShader::LightingCubeReflection;
 
   if (x1c1c_rainSplashGen && x1c1c_rainSplashGen->IsRaining()) {
-    CSkinnedModel::SetPointGeneratorFunc(x1c1c_rainSplashGen.get(), PointGenerator);
+    CSkinnedModel::SetPointGeneratorFunc(
+        [&](const auto& workspace) { x1c1c_rainSplashGen->GeneratePoints(workspace); });
   }
 
   if (x1c34_boostLightFactor != 1.f) {

Runtime/World/CMorphBall.hpp

@@ -170,7 +170,6 @@ private:
   static zeus::CVector3f TransformSpiderBallForcesXY(const zeus::CVector2f& forces, CStateManager& mgr);
   static zeus::CVector3f TransformSpiderBallForcesXZ(const zeus::CVector2f& forces, CStateManager& mgr);
   void ResetSpiderBallForces();
-  static void PointGenerator(void* ctx, const std::vector<std::pair<zeus::CVector3f, zeus::CVector3f>>& vn);
 
 public:
   CMorphBall(CPlayer& player, float radius);

Runtime/World/CSnakeWeedSwarm.cpp

@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ void CSnakeWeedSwarm::RenderBoid(u32 idx, const CBoid& boid, u32& posesToBuild)
   if (posesToBuild & 1 << modelIdx) {
     posesToBuild &= ~(1 << modelIdx);
     animData.BuildPose();
-    model.Calculate(animData.GetPose(), std::nullopt, nullptr);
+    model.Calculate(animData.GetPose(), std::nullopt, nullptr, nullptr); // TODO x178_workspaces[modelIdx]
   }
   CGraphics::SetModelMatrix(
       zeus::CTransform::Translate(boid.GetPosition() - zeus::CVector3f(0.f, 0.f, boid.GetZOffset())) *